{"id":1714,"date":"2015-09-27T08:05:18","date_gmt":"2015-09-27T11:05:18","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/oderalon.net\/linguae\/?p=1714"},"modified":"2015-09-27T08:05:18","modified_gmt":"2015-09-27T11:05:18","slug":"%e0%b8%a0%e0%b8%b2%e0%b8%a9%e0%b8%b2%e0%b9%84%e0%b8%97%e0%b8%a2-2015-09-27","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/oderalon.net\/linguae\/2015\/09\/27\/%e0%b8%a0%e0%b8%b2%e0%b8%a9%e0%b8%b2%e0%b9%84%e0%b8%97%e0%b8%a2-2015-09-27\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0e20\u0e32\u0e29\u0e32\u0e44\u0e17\u0e22 &#8211; 2015-09-27"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Tones! \u0e27\u0e23\u0e23\u0e13\u0e22\u0e38\u0e01\u0e15\u0e4c<\/p>\n<p>Tones in \u0e44\u0e17\u0e22 are not really difficult &#8211; not more than \u4e2d\u6587, as far as I can tell. But the way they are represented in writing is&#8230; rather crazy.<\/p>\n<p>From what I could understand so far:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>each consonant has an inherent class: low, medium or high.<\/li>\n<li>each syllable is either &#8220;dead&#8221; (ending either in a short vowel or in -p, -t or -k) or &#8220;live&#8221; (ending either in a long vowel or in a nasal).<\/li>\n<li>the tone of each syllable depends on a combination of the consonant class, the syllable type and the vowel length.\n<ul>\n<li>for that effect, the consonant classes (low, medium, high) have no connection to the tone they indicate, i.e., a low class consonant in a dead syllable determines high tone with a short vowel and falling tone with a long vowel.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>tones not possible by any of these combinations may be indicated by means of marks placed above the consonant.\n<ul>\n<li>two of these marks indicate different tones according to the class of the base consonant.<\/li>\n<li>finally, there are two other marks for those tones not possible by any of the previously indicated means; these last and somewhat rare marks indicate the same tones regardless of any other factors.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>for cases in which none of the previous factors would help, you can add a ghost consonant &#8211; usually the aspiration [h] or the glottal stop \/ silent consonant &#8211; before the main consonant, so that the tone will depend on the class of that ghost consonant instead of the main consonant.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>Cool, eh? But it gets better. As you would expect, there are exceptions! They come in two flavours: circumstantial exceptions, i.e., syllables that change tone in predictable circumstances, usually an unstressed vowel turning to middle tone; and permanent exceptions, i.e., words regularly pronounced with a tone different from the one that is indicated by the spelling. :3<\/p>\n<p>By the way, tones in \u0e44\u0e17\u0e22 are five: mid, low, falling, high, and rising, as indicated below.<\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\"><img decoding=\"async\" style=\"width: 40pt;\" src=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/d\/de\/Mid_tone_%28Thai%29.png\" alt=\"\" \/><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\"><img decoding=\"async\" style=\"width: 40pt;\" src=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/b\/b9\/Low_tone_%28Thai%29.png\" alt=\"\" \/><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\"><img decoding=\"async\" style=\"width: 40pt;\" src=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/2\/22\/Fallin%C9%A1_tone_%28Thai%29.png\" alt=\"\" \/><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\"><img decoding=\"async\" style=\"width: 40pt;\" src=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/7\/7a\/High_tone_%28Thai%29.png\" alt=\"\" \/><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\"><img decoding=\"async\" style=\"width: 40pt;\" src=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/5\/5f\/Risin%C9%A1_tone_%28Thai%29.png\" alt=\"\" \/><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" colspan=\"5\"><!--[if lt IE 9]><script>document.createElement('audio');<\/script><![endif]-->\n<audio class=\"wp-audio-shortcode\" id=\"audio-1714-1\" preload=\"none\" style=\"width: 100%;\" controls=\"controls\"><source type=\"audio\/ogg\" src=\"http:\/\/oderalon.net\/linguae\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/09\/Th-Thai_tones_marked_with_IPA_with_na.ogg?_=1\" \/><a href=\"http:\/\/oderalon.net\/linguae\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/09\/Th-Thai_tones_marked_with_IPA_with_na.ogg\">http:\/\/oderalon.net\/linguae\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/09\/Th-Thai_tones_marked_with_IPA_with_na.ogg<\/a><\/audio><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Tones! \u0e27\u0e23\u0e23\u0e13\u0e22\u0e38\u0e01\u0e15\u0e4c Tones in \u0e44\u0e17\u0e22 are not really difficult &#8211; not more than \u4e2d\u6587, as far as I can tell. But the way they are represented in writing is&#8230; rather crazy. From what I could understand so far: each consonant has an inherent class: low, medium or high. each syllable is either &#8220;dead&#8221; (ending either &hellip; <a href=\"https:\/\/oderalon.net\/linguae\/2015\/09\/27\/%e0%b8%a0%e0%b8%b2%e0%b8%a9%e0%b8%b2%e0%b9%84%e0%b8%97%e0%b8%a2-2015-09-27\/\" class=\"more-link\">Continue reading <span class=\"screen-reader-text\">\u0e20\u0e32\u0e29\u0e32\u0e44\u0e17\u0e22 &#8211; 2015-09-27<\/span> <span class=\"meta-nav\">&rarr;<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":1502,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[24],"tags":[554,3638],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/oderalon.net\/linguae\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1714"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/oderalon.net\/linguae\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/oderalon.net\/linguae\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/oderalon.net\/linguae\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/oderalon.net\/linguae\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1714"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/oderalon.net\/linguae\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1714\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/oderalon.net\/linguae\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/1502"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/oderalon.net\/linguae\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1714"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/oderalon.net\/linguae\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1714"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/oderalon.net\/linguae\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1714"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}