Panglossa Wiki - User contributions [en-gb]

Conlangs/Dahur

2026-05-30T21:57:20Z

Panglossa:

{{RightTOC}}
=Phonology=

==Vowels==
Dahur vowels are usually short. Double vowels (ex.: aa, éé &c.) may happen, but they are considered as simple vowel sequences.
{|
|-
|
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|'''a'''
| <tt>/a/</tt>
|-
|'''ê'''
| <tt>/e/</tt>
|-
|'''é'''
| <tt>/ɛ/</tt>
|}
|
|  
|
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|'''i'''
| <tt>/i/</tt>
|-
|'''ô'''
| <tt>/o/</tt>
|-
|'''ó'''
| <tt>/ɔ/</tt>
|}
|
|  
|
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|'''u'''
| <tt>/u/</tt>
|-
|'''ö'''
| <tt>/ø/</tt>
|-
|'''ü'''
| <tt>/y/</tt>
|}
|}
==Consonants==
{|
|-
|
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|'''p'''
| <tt>/p/</tt>
|-
|'''t'''
| <tt>/t/</tt>
|-
|'''k'''
| <tt>/k/</tt>
|}
|
|  
|
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|'''b'''
| <tt>/b/</tt>
|-
|'''d'''
| <tt>/d/</tt>
|-
|'''g'''
| <tt>/g/</tt>
|}
|
|  
|
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|'''f'''
| <tt>/f/</tt>
|-
|'''s'''
| <tt>/s/</tt>
|-
|'''sh'''
| <tt>/ʃ/</tt>
|-
|'''ksh'''
| <tt>/kʃ/</tt>
|}
|
|  
|
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|'''v'''
| <tt>/v/</tt>
|-
|'''z'''
| <tt>/z/</tt>
|-
|'''zh'''
| <tt>/ʒ/</tt>
|}
|
|  
|
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|'''m'''
| <tt>/m/</tt>
|-
|'''n'''
| <tt>/n/</tt>
|-
|'''l'''
| <tt>/l/</tt>
|-
|'''r'''
| <tt>/ɾ/</tt>, <tt>/r/</tt>
|}
|
|  
|
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|'''y'''
| <tt>/j/</tt>
|-
|'''w'''
| <tt>/w/</tt>
|-
|'''h'''
| <tt>/h/</tt>
|-
|'''tr'''
| <tt>/tɾ/</tt>
|}
|}
==Phonotactics==
A syllable in Dahur must contain one vowel, which may be preceded and/or followed by any number of consonants. In practice, consonant clusters don't usually go beyond four consonants. For that account, <ksh> /kʃ/ and <tr> /tɾ/ are always considered as single consonants.

All consonant sequences are possible. However, in practice, some consonant combinations (ex. -hm-, -trksh- &c.) are rare.

Examples of valid syllables:

{| class="wikitable"
|-
| '''a'''
| '''té'''
| '''ên'''
| '''wi'''
| '''kôy'''
| '''gyó'''
| '''pruyn'''
| '''kshtra'''
| '''fshtlömbz'''
|}

==Stress==
In the literary dialect, considered official, words are stressed on the next-to-last syllable. However, if the last syllable contains the consonant <tr> /tɾ/, it will be stressed.

Ex.:

{| class="wikitable"
|-
| '''kanar'''
<tt>/ˈka.nar/</tt>
| '''ôströndél'''
<tt>/os.ˈtɾøn.dɛl/</tt>
| '''têfshiv'''
<tt>/ˈtef.ʃiv/</tt>
| '''dasutr'''
<tt>/daˈsutɾ/</tt>
| '''mashkintrôd'''
<tt>/maʃ.kinˈtɾod/</tt>
|}

=Morphology=

Dahur is a highly flexional language, with a strong presence of irregular forms.

Nouns inflect for number, which is basically singular and plural, but there are also occurrences of dual (for things normally occurring in pairs) and singulative (for individual items of things usually found collectively).

Nouns also inflect for case, usually: nominative, accusative, dative, genitive, locative, instrumental, ergative and ablative. Instances of partitive and vocative are also found. The case called ergative is used basically for the agent of the passive voice.

Adjectives show no agreement to nouns, and inflect for degree (comparatives of superiority, equality, inferiority; relative and absolute superlative).

==Nouns==

=== Class ===

Dahurian nouns are divided in five classes, which can be compared to Latin or Greek declensions, as they consist in different inflection patterns, but may also be seen as a form of gender, as class is usually (but not always necessarily) related to the meaning of a noun.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Class 1
|Living beings
|-
!Class 2
|General objects
|-
!Class 3
|Natural elements; insects
|-
!Class 4
|Parts of human body; clothing
|-
!Class 5
|Abstract nouns; traditional imaginary beings
|}

There are no morphological indications related to noun classes in the nominative singular. The differences appear along the inflection of nouns.

=== Number ===
Nouns in Dahur have a singular and a plural. The plural ending varies according to noun class and to case. There is also a dual number, which is valid only for nouns normally occurring in pairs. Mass or collective nouns have a singulative inflection.

So, for example:

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Class
!Singular
!Plural
!Dual
!Singulative
|-
|class 1
|'''grats'''
"boy"
|'''gratsên'''
"boys"
| -
| -
|-
|class 2
|'''késhêv'''
"hammer"
|'''késhêvlin'''
"hammers"
|'''késhêvas'''
"pair of hammers" (traditionally used by blacksmiths)
| -
|-
|class 3
|'''halayn'''
"water"
|'''halêynn'''
"waters" (i.e. in a flood)
|'''halayns'''
"The Two Waters" (the river Ôkanuma and the lake Kassanyas)
|'''halaynü'''
"a drop of water"
|-
|class 4
|'''kanar'''
"eye"
|'''kanarni'''
"many eyes" (mostly figuratively)
|'''kanaris'''
"(two/both) eyes"
| -
|-
|class 4
|'''kshalim'''
"hair"
|'''kshalimni'''
"(types of) hair"
| -
|'''kshalimü'''
"a (single) hair"
|-
|class 5
|'''aströnél'''
"idea"
|'''aströnélyan'''
"ideas"
|'''aströnéls'''
"a couple ideas"
| -
|}

The plural in classes 1, 2 and 5 is usually regular, obtained with the respective suffixes ('''-ên''', '''-lin''', '''-yan''').

Ex.:

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Class
!Singular
!Plural
|-
|rowspan="3"|class 1
|'''fatlay'''
"girlfriend"
|'''fatlayên'''
|-
|'''dukshatr'''
"boss"
|'''dukshatrên'''
|-
|'''êgastév'''
"farmer"
|'''êgastévên'''
|-
|rowspan="3"|class 2
|'''takôy'''
"pin"
|'''takôylin'''
|-
|'''upsan'''
"paper"
|'''upsanlin'''
|-
|'''dasutr'''
"document, file"
|'''dasutrlin'''
|-
|rowspan="3"|class 5
|'''péktêgal'''
"angel"
|'''péktêgalyan'''
|-
|'''ôströndél'''
"interruption"
|'''ôströndélyan'''
|-
|'''piktarash'''
"problem"
|'''piktarashyan'''
|-
|}

In classes 3 and 4, besides the suffixes ('''-n''', '''-ni'''), most nouns suffer some sort of mutation, usually affecting only one vowel but non uncommonly consisting of more significative changes.

Ex.:

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Class
!Singular
!Plural
|-
|rowspan="3"|class 3
|'''pakpaki'''
"louse"
|'''pakpékin'''
|-
|'''pahalis'''
"leaf"
|'''pahaleyn'''
|-
|'''tshêptal'''
"cloud"
|'''tshaptlin'''
|-
|rowspan="3"|class 4
|'''kraws'''
"ear"
|'''kroysni'''
|-
|'''émblêw'''
"hat"
|'''émbalni'''
|-
|'''kriktêr'''
"helmet"
|'''kruktni'''
|-
|}

=== Inflection ===

Noun declension in Dahur is quite regular, in terms of case and the less usual numbers, viz. the dual and the singulative.

* The '''nominative''' case is the basic form of nouns.
* The '''accusative''' case is indicated by the enging '''-a'''.
* The '''dative''' case is indicated by the enging '''-si'''.
* The '''genitive''' case is indicated by the enging '''-ak''' for animate intelligent beings, '''-ish''' for animals, '''-is''' for concrete objects and '''-ón''' for abstract things.
* The '''locative''' case is indicated by the enging '''-us'''. With animate nouns, the locative can mean "on", or "with", as in "carrying with".
* The '''instrumental''' case is indicated by the enging '''-êm''' for animate intelligent beings, '''-ôm''' for animals, '''-um''' for things.
* The '''ergative''' case is indicated by the enging '''-ötr'''.
* The '''ablative''' case is indicated by the enging '''-éyv'''.

When an ending starting with a vowel is applied, a final '''-i''' becomes '''-y-''', and a final '''-u''' becomes '''-w-'''; otherwise, an '''-h-''' is added. Ex.:

* '''dula''' "babysitter", '''dulahên''' "babysitters"
* '''agdari''' "prisoner", '''agdaryên''' "prisoners"
* '''kanarni''' "eyes", '''kanarnya''' "eyes (accus.)", '''kanarnyus''' "in the eyes", '''kanarnyéyv''' "from the eyes"
* '''pakpaki''' "louse", '''pakpakya''' "louse (accus.)", '''pakpakyish''' "of a louse", '''pakpakyôm''' "by a louse"

Case endings are added to the plural ending.

In the following tables, you have some examples of nouns of the various classes, fully inflected for number and case.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
|colspan="3"|Class 1: '''grats''' "boy"
|-
!
!Singular
!Plural
|-
!Nominative
|'''grats'''
|'''gratsên'''
|-
!Accusative
|'''gratsa'''
|'''gratsêna'''
|-
!Dative
|'''gratssi'''
|'''gratsênsi'''
|-
!Genitive
|'''gratsak'''
|'''gratsênak'''
|-
!Locative
|'''gratsus'''
|'''gratsênus'''
|-
!Instrumental
|'''gratsêm'''
|'''gratsênêm'''
|-
!Ergative
|'''gratsötr'''
|'''gratsênötr'''
|-
!Ablative
|'''gratséyv'''
|'''gratsênéyv'''
|}

{| class="wikitable"
|-
|colspan="3"|Class 2: '''késhêv''' "hammer"
|-
!
!Singular
!Plural
|-
!Nominative
|'''késhêv'''
|'''késhêvlin'''
|-
!Accusative
|'''késhêva'''
|'''késhêvlina'''
|-
!Dative
|'''késhêvsi'''
|'''késhêvlinsi'''
|-
!Genitive
|'''késhêvis'''
|'''késhêvlinis'''
|-
!Locative
|'''késhêvus'''
|'''késhêvlinus'''
|-
!Instrumental
|'''késhêvum'''
|'''késhêvlinum'''
|-
!Ergative
|'''késhêvötr'''
|'''késhêvlinötr'''
|-
!Ablative
|'''késhêvéyv'''
|'''késhêvlinéyv'''
|}

== Verbs ==

The personal endings for all verb forms are as follows:

* 1s: '''-us'''
* 2s: '''-im'''
* 3s: '''-êy'''
* 1p: '''-tron'''
* 2p: '''-trib'''
* 3p: '''-tréw'''

=== Aorist ===
The aorist tense corresponds to the bare stem, to which the personal endings are added. It indicates the verbal action as a complete event. In a main clause, it usually refers to the past, and is so translated. Ex.:

'''kashmal''' "take"
* 1s: '''kashmalus''' "I took"
* 2s: '''kashmalim''' "you took"
* 3s: '''kashmalêy''' "he/she took"
* 1p: '''kashmaltron''' "we took"
* 2p: '''kashmaltrib''' "you took"
* 3p: '''kashmaltréw''' "they took"

Language Checklist/中文/G10

2026-05-28T14:00:01Z

Panglossa:

# <div style="white-space: nowrap">'''<htmltag tagname="a" title="wǒ ㄨㄛˇ" target="wiktionary" href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/我#Chinese">我</htmltag><htmltag tagname="a" title="míngtiān ㄇㄧㄥˊ ㄊㄧㄢ" target="wiktionary" href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/明天#Chinese">明天</htmltag><htmltag tagname="a" title="gāi ㄍㄞ" target="wiktionary" href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/该#Chinese">该</htmltag><htmltag tagname="a" title="zuò ㄗㄨㄛˋ" target="wiktionary" href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/做#Chinese">做</htmltag><htmltag tagname="a" title="shénme ㄕㄣˊ ˙ㄇㄜ" target="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E4%BB%80%E9%BA%BC#Chinese">什么</htmltag>？''' </div> [[File:我明天该做什么.mp3]]
## <div style="white-space: nowrap">'''<htmltag tagname="a" title="nǐ ㄋㄧˇ" target="wiktionary" href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/你#Chinese">你</htmltag><htmltag tagname="a" title="míngtiān ㄇㄧㄥˊ ㄊㄧㄢ" target="wiktionary" href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/明天#Chinese">明天</htmltag><htmltag tagname="a" title="yào" target="wiktionary" href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/要#Chinese">要</htmltag><htmltag tagname="a" title="lái" target="wiktionary" href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/来#Chinese">来</htmltag><htmltag tagname="a" title="wǒ ㄨㄛˇ" target="wiktionary" href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/我#Chinese">我</htmltag><htmltag tagname="a" title="jiā" target="wiktionary" href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/家#Chinese">家</htmltag><htmltag tagname="a" title="chī" target="wiktionary" href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/吃#Chinese">吃</htmltag><htmltag tagname="a" title="wǎnfàn ㄨㄢˇ ㄈㄢˋ" target="wiktionary" href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/晚飯#Chinese">晚饭</htmltag>。 </div> [[File:你明天要来我家吃晚饭.mp3]]
## <div style="white-space: nowrap"><htmltag tagname="a" title="nǐ ㄋㄧˇ" target="wiktionary" href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/你#Chinese">你</htmltag><htmltag tagname="a" title="bù ㄅㄨˋ" target="wiktionary" href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/不#Chinese">不</htmltag><htmltag tagname="a" title="néng ㄋㄥˊ" target="wiktionary" href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/能#Chinese">能</htmltag><htmltag tagname="a" title="áoyè ㄠˊ ㄧㄝˋ" target="wiktionary" href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/你#Chinese">熬夜</htmltag><htmltag tagname="a" title="xuéxí ㄒㄩㄝˊ ㄒㄧˊ" target="wiktionary" href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/學習#Chinese">学习</htmltag>。</div> [[File:你不能熬夜学习.mp3]]

Language Checklist/中文/G10

2026-05-28T13:50:40Z

Panglossa:

File:你不能熬夜学习.mp3

2026-05-28T13:29:38Z

Panglossa:

File:你明天要来我家吃晚饭.mp3

2026-05-28T13:29:02Z

Panglossa:

File:我明天该做什么.mp3

2026-05-28T13:28:18Z

Panglossa:

Language Checklist/中文/G1

2026-05-27T22:08:54Z

Panglossa:

# '''你是学生吗？''' [[File:你是学生吗.mp3]]
## ''是的，我是学生。'' [[File:是的，我是学生.mp3]]
## ''不是，我不是学生。'' [[File:不是，我不是学.mp3]]

File:不是，我不是学.mp3

2026-05-27T22:08:41Z

Panglossa:

File:是的，我是学生.mp3

2026-05-27T22:07:41Z

Panglossa:

File:你是学生吗.mp3

2026-05-27T22:04:06Z

Panglossa:

Language Checklist/中文/G1

2026-05-27T21:52:03Z

Panglossa:

# '''你是学生吗？'''
## ''是的，我是学生。''
## ''不是，我不是学生。''

Online Placement Tests

2026-05-03T14:45:03Z

Panglossa:

[[File:panglossa 320x320.png|thumb|right]]

{{RightTOC}}
Here you have links to online tests for evaluating your proficiency or fluency level in a language.

These are exclusively tests that you can do on your own, as a form of self-evaluation.

For a list of official proficiency tests provided by proper institutions, see [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_language_proficiency_tests Wikipedia's List of language proficiency tests].

=General=
*'''[http://oderalon.net/share/self-assessment-test.pdf Self-Assessment Test]''' - By answering questions about your abilities in a language, you can determine your approximate level according to the '''Common European Framework of Reference for Languages (CERF)'''. ''(The document references Indonesian, but it can be used for any language.)''
*'''[http://oderalon.net/share/ICan-ALL-form.pdf Self-Assessment Test]''' - Same as above. ''(This one references Thai, but can also be used for any language.)''

----

=Specific Languages =

== Bahasa Indonesia (Indonesian) ==
*[https://www.17-minute-languages.com/en/Indonesian-placement-test/ Indonesian placement test (17 Minute Languages) ]
*[https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=jp.ejapanese.indonessianen&hl=en_US TOIFL/TIFL/UKBI Indonesian Language quiz ''(Android App)'']
*[https://indonesian-online.com/indonesian-placement-test/ Indonesian Placement Test]

----

== Čeština (Czech) ==
*[https://www.17-minute-languages.com/en/Czech-placement-test/ Czech placement test (17 Minute Languages) ]
*[http://www.czech-for-foreigners.cz/placement-test/ Czech Placement Test (Czech for Foreigners)]
*[http://forms.ujop.eu/en/placement-test-in-the-czech-language Placement test in the Czech language - Charles University in Prague]
*''[http://www.mozaika.eu/czech-placement-tests/ Mozaika - Czech Placement Tests]''
**[http://www.mozaika.eu/uvodni-test-a1/ Czech Placement Test A1]
**[http://www.mozaika.eu/uvodni-test-a2/ Czech Placement Test A2]
**[http://www.mozaika.eu/uvodni-test-b1/ Czech Placement Test B1]
**[http://www.mozaika.eu/uvodni-test-b2/ Czech Placement Test B2]
**[http://www.mozaika.eu/uvodni-test-c1/ Czech Placement Test C1]
*[http://www.locallingo.com/czech/tests/index.html Local Lingo Czech Tests and Exercises]
*[http://www.languagecoursesuk.co.uk/test/czech_test.php?domain=cl Cactus Czech language test]

----

== Cymraeg (Welsh)==
*[http://www.bbc.co.uk/wales/learnwelsh/level_test/ BBC Wales Learn Welsh Test]

----

== Dansk (Danish) ==
*[http://www.languagecoursesuk.co.uk/test/danish_test.php?domain=cl Cactus Danish language test]
*[https://www.languagetrainers.com/danish-level-test.php Danish Language Level Test - Language Trainers]
*[https://www.languagetrainers.com/listening-tests/danish/elementary Danish Listening Test (Elementary) - Language Trainers]
*[https://www.languagetrainers.com/listening-tests/danish/intermediate Danish Listening Test (Intermidiate) - Language Trainers]

----

== Deutsch (German) ==
*[https://www.esl-languages.com/en/study-abroad/online-tests/german-test/index.htm Test your German level online (esl-languages.com)]
*[https://www.17-minute-languages.com/en/German-placement-test/ German placement test (17 Minute Languages)]
*[https://oxfordhousebcn.com/en/levels/level-tests/german/ Online German level test (Oxfordhouse)]
*[http://www.languagecoursesuk.co.uk/test/german_test.php?domain=cl Cactus German language test]

*[https://my.inlingua.com/placementtest/adaptive/register?testfile=gaot German Placement Test]
*[https://www.transparent.com/learn-german/proficiency-test.html German Proficiency Test (Transparent Language)]
*[https://www.listenandlearnaustralia.com.au/german-level-test German Language Level Test]
*[https://www.sprachcaffe.com/portuguese/study_abroad/language_test/german.htm Testes de Nivelamento Sprachcaffe]
*[https://www.languagetrainers.com/german-level-test.php German Language Level Test - Language Trainers]
*[https://www.languagetrainers.com/listening-tests/german/elementary German Listening Test (Elementary) - Language Trainers]
*[https://www.languagetrainers.com/listening-tests/german/intermediate German Listening Test (Intermidiate) - Language Trainers]

----

== Èdè Yorùbá (Yoruba)==

----

== English ==
*[https://www.inlingua.edu.sg/student-info/course-information/placement-test/english-placement-test English Placement Test ]
*Cambridge Assessment Tests:
**[https://www.cambridgeenglish.org/test-your-english/general-english/ Cambridge Assessment: General English ]
**[https://www.cambridgeenglish.org/test-your-english/for-schools/ Cambridge Assessment: For Schools]
**[https://www.cambridgeenglish.org/test-your-english/business/ Cambridge Assessment: Business English ]
**[https://www.cambridgeenglish.org/test-your-english/young-learners/ Cambridge Assessment: Young Learners ]
*[https://uceda.edu/placement/ UCEDA International Placement Test]
*[https://www.transparent.com/learn-english/proficiency-test.html English Proficiency Test (Transparent Language)]
*[https://www.transparent.com/learn-english-spanish/proficiency-test.html Prueba de nivel de inglés (Transparent Language)]
*[https://oxfordhousebcn.com/en/levels/level-tests/english/ Online English level test (Oxfordhouse)]
*[https://www.listenandlearnaustralia.com.au/english-level-test English Language Level Test]
*[https://www.esl-languages.com/en/study-abroad/online-tests/english-test/index.htm Test your English level online (esl-languages.com)]
*[https://www.sprachcaffe.com/portuguese/study_abroad/language_test/english.htm Testes de Nivelamento Sprachcaffe]
*[http://www.languagecoursesuk.co.uk/test/english_test.php?domain=cl Cactus English language test]
*[https://www.languagetrainers.com/listening-tests/english/elementary English Listening Test (Elementary) - Language Trainers]
*[https://www.languagetrainers.com/listening-tests/english/intermediate English Listening Test (Intermidiate) - Language Trainers]

----

== Español (Spanish) ==
*[https://www.lengalia.com/es/test-de-nivel.html Lengalia - Test de nivel de español]
*[https://www.inlingua.edu.sg/student-info/course-information/placement-test/spanish-placement-test Spanish Placement Test]
*[https://www.17-minute-languages.com/en/Spanish-placement-test/ Spanish placement test (17 Minute Languages) ]
*[https://www.transparent.com/learn-spanish/proficiency-test.html Spanish Proficiency Test (Transparent Language)]
*[https://oxfordhousebcn.com/en/levels/level-tests/spanish/ Online Spanish level test (Oxfordhouse)]
*[https://www.17-minute-languages.com/en/South_American_Spanish-placement-test/ South American Spanish placement test (17 Minute Languages) ]
*[https://www.listenandlearnaustralia.com.au/spanish-level-test Spanish Language Level Test]
*[https://www.esl-languages.com/en/study-abroad/online-tests/spanish-test/index.htm Test your level of Spanish (esl-languages.com)]
*[https://www.sprachcaffe.com/portuguese/study_abroad/language_test/spanish.htm Testes de Nivelamento Sprachcaffe]
*[http://www.languagecoursesuk.co.uk/test/spanish_test.php?domain=cl Cactus Spanish language test]
*[https://www.languagetrainers.com/spanish-level-test.php Spanish Language Level Test - Language Trainers]
*[https://www.languagetrainers.com/listening-tests/european-spanish/elementary Spanish (Europe) Listening Test (Elementary) - Language Trainers]
*[https://www.languagetrainers.com/listening-tests/spanish/elementary Spanish (Americas) Listening Test (Elementary) - Language Trainers]
*[https://www.languagetrainers.com/listening-tests/european-spanish/intermediate Spanish (Europe) Listening Test (Intermidiate) - Language Trainers]
*[https://www.languagetrainers.com/listening-tests/spanish/intermediate Spanish (Americas) Listening Test (Intermidiate) - Language Trainers]

----

== Esperanto ==
*[https://www.transparent.com/learn-esperanto/quizzes/lotw-quizzes/ Esperanto Proficiency Test (Transparent Language)]

----

== Français (French) ==
*<s>[https://www.inlingua.edu.sg/student-info/course-information/placement-test/french-placement-test French Placement Test] </s> ''Doesn't show your result!''
*[https://www.17-minute-languages.com/en/French-placement-test/ French placement test (17 Minute Languages)]
*[https://www.transparent.com/learn-french/proficiency-test.html French Proficiency Test (Transparent Language)]
*[https://oxfordhousebcn.com/en/levels/level-tests/french/ Online French level test (Oxfordhouse)]
*[https://www.listenandlearnaustralia.com.au/french-level-test French Language Level Test]
*[https://www.esl-languages.com/en/study-abroad/online-tests/french-test/index.htm Test your level of French (esl-languages.com)]
*[https://www.sprachcaffe.com/portuguese/study_abroad/language_test/french.htm Testes de Nivelamento Sprachcaffe]
*[http://www.languagecoursesuk.co.uk/test/french_test.php?domain=cl Cactus French language test]
*[https://www.languagetrainers.com/french-level-test.php French Language Level Test - Language Trainers]
*[https://www.languagetrainers.com/listening-tests/french/elementary French Listening Test (Elementary) - Language Trainers]
*[https://www.languagetrainers.com/listening-tests/french/intermediate French Listening Test (Intermidiate) - Language Trainers]

----

== Gaeilge (Irish) ==
*[https://www.transparent.com/learn-irish/proficiency-test.html Irish Proficiency Test (Transparent Language)]
----

== Hrvatski (Croatian) ==
*[http://www.languagecoursesuk.co.uk/test/croatian_test.php?domain=cl Cactus Croatian language test]

----
== IsiXhosa (Xhosa) ==

----

== Italiano (Italian) ==
*[https://www.inlingua.edu.sg/student-info/course-information/placement-test/italian-placement-test Italian Placement Test]
*[https://www.17-minute-languages.com/en/Italian-placement-test/ Italian placement test (17 Minute Languages) ]
*[https://www.transparent.com/learn-italian/proficiency-test.html Italian Proficiency Test (Transparent Language)]
*[https://oxfordhousebcn.com/en/levels/level-tests/italian/ Online Italian level test (Oxfordhouse)]
*[https://www.listenandlearnaustralia.com.au/italian-level-test Italian Language Level Test]
*[https://www.esl-languages.com/en/study-abroad/online-tests/italian-test/index.htm Test your level of Italian (esl-languages.com)]
*[https://www.sprachcaffe.com/portuguese/study_abroad/language_test/italian.htm Testes de Nivelamento Sprachcaffe]
*[http://www.languagecoursesuk.co.uk/test/italian_test.php?domain=cl Cactus Italian language test]
*[https://www.languagetrainers.com/italian-level-test.php Italian Language Level Test - Language Trainers]
*[https://www.languagetrainers.com/listening-tests/italian/elementary Italian Listening Test (Elementary) - Language Trainers]
*[https://www.languagetrainers.com/listening-tests/italian/intermediate Italian Listening Test (Intermidiate) - Language Trainers]

----

== Kiswahili (Swahili)==
*[https://www.17-minute-languages.com/en/Swahili-placement-test/ Swahili placement test (17 Minute Languages) ]
----

== LATINA (Latin) ==
*[https://www.transparent.com/learn-latin/proficiency-test.html Latin Proficiency Test (Transparent Language)]
----

== Lietuvių kalba (Lithuanian) ==
*[https://www.17-minute-languages.com/en/Lithuanian-placement-test/ Lithuanian placement test (17 Minute Languages)]
----

== Magyar (Hungarian) ==
*[https://www.17-minute-languages.com/en/Hungarian-placement-test/ Hungarian placement test (17 Minute Languages)]
----

== Nederlands (Dutch) ==
*[https://www.17-minute-languages.com/en/Dutch-placement-test/ Dutch placement test (17 Minute Languages)]
*[https://www.transparent.com/learn-dutch/proficiency-test.html Dutch Proficiency Test (Transparent Language)]
*[https://www.listenandlearnaustralia.com.au/dutch-level-test Dutch Language Level Test]
*[http://www.languagecoursesuk.co.uk/test/dutch_test.php?domain=cl Cactus Dutch language test]
*[https://www.languagetrainers.com/dutch-level-test.php Dutch Language Level Test - Language Trainers]
*[https://www.languagetrainers.com/listening-tests/dutch/elementary Dutch Listening Test (Elementary) - Language Trainers]
*[https://www.languagetrainers.com/listening-tests/dutch/intermediate Dutch Listening Test (Intermidiate) - Language Trainers]

----

== Nheengatu ==

----

== Norsk (Norwegian) ==
*[http://www.languagecoursesuk.co.uk/test/norwegian_test.php?domain=cl Cactus Norwegian language test]
*[https://www.languagetrainers.com/norwegian-level-test.php Norwegian Language Level Test - Language Trainers]
*[https://www.languagetrainers.com/listening-tests/norwegian/elementary Norwegian Listening Test (Elementary) - Language Trainers]
*[https://www.languagetrainers.com/listening-tests/norwegian/intermediate Norwegian Listening Test (Intermidiate) - Language Trainers]

----

== Polski (Polish) ==
*[https://www.17-minute-languages.com/en/Polish-placement-test/ Polish placement test (17 Minute Languages)]
*[https://www.transparent.com/learn-polish/proficiency-test.html Polish Proficiency Test (Transparent Language)]
*[https://www.listenandlearnaustralia.com.au/polish-level-test Polish Language Level Test]
*[http://www.languagecoursesuk.co.uk/test/polish_test.php?domain=cl Cactus Polish language test]
*[https://www.languagetrainers.com/polish-level-test.php Language Level Test - Language Trainers]

----

== Português (Portuguese) ==
*[https://www.17-minute-languages.com/en/Portuguese-placement-test/ Portuguese placement test (17 Minute Languages)]
*[https://www.17-minute-languages.com/en/Brazilian_Portuguese-placement-test/ Brazilian Portuguese placement test (17 Minute Languages)]
*[https://www.transparent.com/learn-portuguese-brazilian/proficiency-test.html Brazilian Portuguese Proficiency Test (Transparent Language)]
*[https://www.listenandlearnaustralia.com.au/portuguese-level-test Portuguese Language Level Test]
*[http://www.languagecoursesuk.co.uk/test/portuguese_test.php?domain=cl Cactus Portuguese language test]
*[https://www.languagetrainers.com/portuguese-level-test.php Language Level Test - Language Trainers]
*[https://www.languagetrainers.com/listening-tests/portuguese/elementary Portuguese Listening Test (Elementary) - Language Trainers]
*[https://www.languagetrainers.com/listening-tests/portuguese/intermediate Portuguese Listening Test (Intermidiate) - Language Trainers]

----

== Runasimi (Quechua) ==

----

== Shqip (Albanian)==
*[https://www.17-minute-languages.com/en/Albanian-placement-test/ Albanian placement test (17 Minute Languages)]
*By University of Tirana:
**[https://www.fhf.edu.al/wp-content/uploads/A1.pdf NIVELI FILLESTAR (A1)]
**[https://www.fhf.edu.al/wp-content/uploads/A2.pdf NIVELI FILLESTAR (A2)]
**[https://www.fhf.edu.al/wp-content/uploads/B1.pdf NIVELI MESATAR (B1)]
**[https://www.fhf.edu.al/wp-content/uploads/B2.pdf NIVELI MESATAR (B2)]
**[https://www.fhf.edu.al/wp-content/uploads/C1.pdf NIVELI I PËRPARUAR (C1)]
**[https://www.fhf.edu.al/wp-content/uploads/C2.pdf NIVELI I PËRPARUAR (C2)]

----

== Suomi (Finnish) ==
*[https://www.17-minute-languages.com/en/Finnish-placement-test/ Finnish placement test (17 Minute Languages)]
*Suomen kielen kurssien tasotestit (Finnish Language Course Placement Tests )
**[https://blogs.helsinki.fi/suomentasotestit/testi-1/ TESTI 1]
**[https://blogs.helsinki.fi/suomentasotestit/suomi-3/ TESTI 2]
**[https://blogs.helsinki.fi/suomentasotestit/suomi-4/ TESTI 3]
**[https://blogs.helsinki.fi/suomentasotestit/suomi-5/ TESTI 4]
**[https://blogs.helsinki.fi/suomentasotestit/suomi-6/ TESTI 5]
**[https://blogs.helsinki.fi/suomentasotestit/suomi-7/ TESTI 6]

----

== Svenska (Swedish)==
*[https://www.17-minute-languages.com/en/Swedish-placement-test/ Swedish placement test (17 Minute Languages) ]
*[https://www.transparent.com/learn-swedish/proficiency-test.html Swedish Proficiency Test (Transparent Language)]
*[https://spraktest.folkuniversitetet.se/ Folkuniversitetet Language Level Test]
*[https://www.kth.se/en/larande/sprak/kurser/swe/placement-test-for-swedish-1.183904 KTH Placement test for Swedish]
*[https://www.listenandlearnaustralia.com.au/swedish-level-test SWEDISH LANGUAGE LEVEL TEST ]
*''From https://medium.com/@mailmyswedish/a-collection-of-swedish-placement-tests-6bf3362855d7:''
**[http://www.asinger.net/Inplaceringstest_1.pdf Svenska inplaceringstest 1 (självdiagnostiskt test)]
**[http://www.asinger.net/Inplaceringstest_2.pdf Svenska inplaceringstest 2 (självdiagnostiskt)]
**[http://oderalon.net/share/documents/Swedish_Test_3.pdf Svenska inplaceringstest 3 (självdiagnostiskt)]
**[http://www.sol.lu.se/fileadmin/user_upload/amnen/nordiska/sfs/self-test_4.pdf Svenska inplaceringstest 4 (självdiagnostiskt)]
**[http://www.digitalasparet.se/hot/b/qtest/gram/bgram.htm Test i grammatik för B-nivån 1]
**[http://www.digitalasparet.se/hot/b/qtest/gram/bgram2.htm Test i grammatik för B-nivån 2]
**[http://www.digitalasparet.se/hot/b/qtest/gram/bgram50.htm Test i grammatik för B-nivån 3]
**[http://www.folkuniversitetet.se/In-English/Swedex_In_English/Modelltest/Modelltest-A2/ Swedex A2]
**[http://www.folkuniversitetet.se/In-English/Swedex_In_English/Modelltest/Modelltest-B1/ Swedex B1]
**[http://www.folkuniversitetet.se/In-English/Swedex_In_English/Modelltest/Modelltest-B2/ Swedex B2]
**[https://www.dropbox.com/sh/57fq215wy7h4y0w/AADYLQPbSTMfxD85KvAiqQz9a?dl=0&preview=INPLACERINGSTESTA.pdf Svenska — Inplaceringstest A]
**[https://www.dropbox.com/sh/57fq215wy7h4y0w/AADYLQPbSTMfxD85KvAiqQz9a?dl=0&preview=INPLACERINGSTESTB.pdf Svenska — Inplaceringstest B]
**[https://www.dropbox.com/sh/57fq215wy7h4y0w/AADYLQPbSTMfxD85KvAiqQz9a?dl=0&preview=INPLACERINGSTESTC.pdf Svenska — Inplaceringstest C]
*[http://www.languagecoursesuk.co.uk/test/swedish_test.php?domain=cl Cactus Swedish language test]
*[https://www.languagetrainers.com/english-level-test.php English Language Level Test - Language Trainers]
*[https://www.languagetrainers.com/swedish-level-test.php Swedish Language Level Test - Language Trainers]
*[https://www.languagetrainers.com/listening-tests/swedish/elementary Swedish Listening Test (Elementary) - Language Trainers]
*[https://www.languagetrainers.com/listening-tests/swedish/intermediate Swedish Listening Test (Intermidiate) - Language Trainers]

----

== Tiếng Việt (Vietnamese) ==
*[https://www.17-minute-languages.com/en/Vietnamese-placement-test/ Vietnamese placement test (17 Minute Languages) ]
----

== Türkçe (Turkish) ==
*[https://www.17-minute-languages.com/en/Turkish-placement-test/ Turkish placement test (17 Minute Languages) ]
*[https://www.listenandlearnaustralia.com.au/turkish-level-test Turkish Language Level Test]
*[http://www.languagecoursesuk.co.uk/test/turkish_test.php?domain=cl Cactus Turkish language test]
*[https://www.languagetrainers.com/turkish-level-test.php Turkish Language Level Test - Language Trainers]
*[https://www.languagetrainers.com/listening-tests/turkish/elementary Turkish Listening Test (Elementary) - Language Trainers]
*[https://www.languagetrainers.com/listening-tests/turkish/intermediate Turkish Listening Test (Intermidiate) - Language Trainers]

----

== Ελληνικά (Modern Greek) ==
*[https://www.17-minute-languages.com/en/Greek-placement-test/ Modern Greek placement test (17 Minute Languages)]
*[https://www.transparent.com/learn-greek/quizzes/lotw-quizzes/ Modern Greek Test] - ''(based on the Greek content in the Transparent Language's Languages of the World program)''
*[https://lexis.edu.gr/en/online-test?view=request Short Placement Test]
*[https://www.listenandlearnaustralia.com.au/greek-level-test Greek Language Level Test]
*[http://www.languagecoursesuk.co.uk/test/greek_test.php?domain=cl Cactus Greek language test]
*[https://www.languagetrainers.com/greek-level-test.php Greek Language Level Test - Language Trainers]
*[https://www.languagetrainers.com/listening-tests/greek/elementary Greek Listening Test (Elementary) - Language Trainers]
*[https://www.languagetrainers.com/listening-tests/greek/intermediate Greek Listening Test (Intermidiate) - Language Trainers]

----

== Ἑλληνική (Ancient Greek) ==

----

== ⲧⲙⲛ̄ⲧⲣⲙ̄ⲛ̄ⲕⲏⲙⲉ (Coptic) ==

----

== Русский (Russian) ==
*[https://www.17-minute-languages.com/en/Russian-placement-test/ Russian placement test (17 Minute Languages) ]
*[https://www.transparent.com/learn-russian/proficiency-test.html Russian Proficiency Test (Transparent Language)]
*[https://www.listenandlearnaustralia.com.au/russian-level-test Russian Language Level Test]
*[https://www.esl-languages.com/en/study-abroad/online-tests/russian-test/index.htm Test your level of Russian (esl-languages.com)]
*[http://www.languagecoursesuk.co.uk/test/russian_test.php?domain=cl Cactus Russian language test]
*[https://www.languagetrainers.com/russian-level-test.php Russian Language Level Test - Language Trainers]
*[https://www.languagetrainers.com/listening-tests/russian/elementary Russian Listening Test (Elementary) - Language Trainers]
*[https://www.languagetrainers.com/listening-tests/russian/intermediate Russian Listening Test (Intermidiate) - Language Trainers]

----

== ქართული (Georgian) ==

----

== العَرَبِية‎ (Arabic)==
*[https://asianstudies.unc.edu/files/2016/04/Arabic-self-assessment-guide.pdf Self Assessment Guide for Arabic]
*[https://www.listenandlearnaustralia.com.au/arabic-level-test Arabic Language Level Test]
*[https://www.17-minute-languages.com/en/Arabic-placement-test/ Arabic placement test (17 Minute Languages)]
*[https://www.17-minute-languages.com/en/Egyptian_Arabic-placement-test/ Egyptian Arabic placement test (17 Minute Languages)]
*[https://www.17-minute-languages.com/en/Jordanian_Arabic-placement-test/ Jordanian Arabic placement test (17 Minute Languages) ]
*[https://www.17-minute-languages.com/en/Moroccan_Arabic-placement-test/ Moroccan Arabic placement test (17 Minute Languages) ]
*[https://www.17-minute-languages.com/en/Syrian_Arabic-placement-test/ Syrian Arabic placement test (17 Minute Languages) ]
*[https://www.17-minute-languages.com/en/Tunisian_Arabic-placement-test/ Tunisian Arabic placement test (17 Minute Languages) ]
*[https://learning.aljazeera.net/en/siteinstructions/pages/9987fa84-c4cf-4e63-b1fa-88d6e242d1c8 Level Test from ''Al Jazeera'' ]
*[https://www.esl-languages.com Arabic Test (esl-languages.com)]
*[https://www.sprachcaffe.com/portugues/teste-de-arabe.htm Testes de Nivelamento Sprachcaffe]
*[http://www.languagecoursesuk.co.uk/test/arabic_test.php?domain=cl Cactus Arabic Level Test]
*[https://www.languagetrainers.com/arabic-level-test.php Arabic Language Level Test - Language Trainers]
*[https://www.languagetrainers.com/listening-tests/arabic/elementary Arabic Listening Test (Elementary) - Language Trainers]
*[https://www.languagetrainers.com/listening-tests/arabic/intermediate Arabic Listening Test (Intermidiate) - Language Trainers]

----

== فارسی (Persian) ==
*[https://www.17-minute-languages.com/en/Persian-placement-test/ Persian placement test (17 Minute Languages) ]
----

== संस्कृतम् (Sanskrit) ==

----

== हिन्दी / اُردُو‎ (Hindi / Urdu) ==
*[http://mbkhindi.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/Hindi-I_SampleTest.pdf Hindi I_Sample Test]
*[http://mbkhindi.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/SampleTestHindi2_2015.pdf Hindi II Sample Test]
*[http://mbkhindi.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/SampleTestHindi3.pdf Hindi III Sample Test]
*[https://asianstudies.unc.edu/files/2016/04/Hindi-Urdu-self-assessment-guide.pdf Self Assessment Guide for Hindi/Urdu]
*[https://www.17-minute-languages.com/en/Hindi-placement-test/ Hindi placement test (17 Minute Languages)]
*[http://www.languagecoursesuk.co.uk/test/hindi_test.php?domain=cl Cactus Hindi language test]

----

== తెలుగు (Telugu) ==
*[https://www.masteranylanguage.com/c/r/o/Telugu/Tests Telugu Language Tests]

----

== ภาษาไทย (Thai) ==
*[https://www.17-minute-languages.com/en/Thai-placement-test/ Thai placement test (17 Minute Languages) ]
*[http://www.trueplookpanya.com/examination/all/1000 Thai language tests]
*[http://www.languagecoursesuk.co.uk/test/thai_test.php?domain=cl Cactus Thai language test]

----

== 한국어 (Korean) ==
*[https://asianstudies.unc.edu/files/2016/04/placement.guide_.korean.pdf Self Assessment Guide for Korean]
*[https://www.inlingua.edu.sg/student-info/course-information/placement-test/korean-placement-test Korean Written Placement Test]
*[https://www.17-minute-languages.com/en/Korean-placement-test/ Korean placement test (17 Minute Languages)]
*[https://www.listenandlearnaustralia.com.au/korean-level-test Korean Language Level Test]
*[https://talktomeinkorean.com/level-test Test Your Korean (Talk To Me In Korean)]
*[http://www.languagecoursesuk.co.uk/test/korean_test.php?domain=cl Cactus Korean language test]
*[https://www.languagetrainers.com/korean-level-test.php Korean Language Level Test - Language Trainers]
*[https://www.languagetrainers.com/listening-tests/korean/elementary Korean Listening Test (Elementary) - Language Trainers]
*[https://www.languagetrainers.com/listening-tests/korean/intermediate Korean Listening Test (Intermidiate) - Language Trainers]

----

== 𒀝𒅗𒁺𒌑 (Akkadian) ==

----

== 𓂋𓏺𓈖𓆎𓅓𓏏𓊖 (Egyptian) ==

----

== 中文 (Mandarin Chinese) ==
*[https://asianstudies.unc.edu/files/2016/04/Chinese-self-assessment-guide.pdf Self Assessment Guide for Chinese]
*[https://www.17-minute-languages.com/en/Chinese-placement-test/ Chinese placement test (17 Minute Languages)]
*[https://www.transparent.com/learn-mandarin-chinese/proficiency-test.html Chinese Proficiency Test (Transparent Language)]
*[https://www.listenandlearnaustralia.com.au/chinese-characters-level-test Chinese Language Level Test (Hanzi)]
*[https://www.listenandlearnaustralia.com.au/chinese-pinyin-level-test Chinese Language Level Test (Pinin)]
*[https://www.esl-languages.com/en/study-abroad/online-tests/chinese-test/index.htm Test your level of Chinese (esl-languages.com)]
*[https://www.sprachcaffe.com/study_abroad/language_test/chinese.htm Testes de Nivelamento Sprachcaffe]
*[http://www.languagecoursesuk.co.uk/test/mandarin_test.php?domain=cl Cactus Mandarin language test]
*[https://www.languagetrainers.com/chinese-characters-level-test.php Chinese (Mandarin) Language Level Test (Characters) - Language Trainers]
*[https://www.languagetrainers.com/chinese-pinyin-level-test.php Chinese (Mandarin) Language Level Test (Pinyin) - Language Trainers]
*[https://www.languagetrainers.com/listening-tests/chinese/elementary Chinese Listening Test (Elementary) - Language Trainers]
*[https://www.languagetrainers.com/listening-tests/chinese/intermediate Chinese Listening Test (Intermidiate) - Language Trainers]

----

== 廣東話 (Cantonese) ==

*[http://www.languagecoursesuk.co.uk/test/cantonese_test.php?domain=cl Cactus Cantonese language test]

----

== 日本語 (Japanese) ==
*[https://asianstudies.unc.edu/wp-content/uploads/sites/1329/2016/04/Japanese-self-assessment-guide.pdf Self Assessment Guide for Japanese]
*[https://www.17-minute-languages.com/en/Japanese-placement-test/ Japanese placement test (17 Minute Languages) ]
*[https://www.transparent.com/learn-japanese/proficiency-test.html Japanese Proficiency Test (Transparent Language)]
*U-biq Online Japanese Tests
**Grammar
***[http://test.u-biq.org/level1.html 初級１　-　Elementary Course Level 1]
***[http://test.u-biq.org/level2.html 初級２　-　Elementary Course Level 2]
***[http://test.u-biq.org/level3.html 初級３　-　Elementary Course Level 3]
***[http://test.u-biq.org/level4.html 初級４　-　Elementary Course Level 4]
***[http://test.u-biq.org/level5.html 初中級１ -　Pre-Intermediate Course Level 1]
***[http://test.u-biq.org/level6.html 初中級２ -　Pre-Intermediate Course Level 2]
***[http://test.u-biq.org/level7.html 初中級３ -　Pre-Intermediate Course Level 3]
***[http://test.u-biq.org/level8.html 初中級４ -　Pre-Intermediate Course Level 4]
***[http://test.u-biq.org/joshi1.html 助詞(Particles)]
***[http://test.u-biq.org/joshi2.html 助数詞(Counter)]
**Kanji
***[http://test.u-biq.org/kanji4.html Basic 1]
***[http://test.u-biq.org/kanji1.html Basic 2]
***[http://test.u-biq.org/kanji3.html Basic 3]
***[http://test.u-biq.org/kanji2.html Place names]
*Reading
**[https://japanesetest4you.com/category/jlpt-n5/jlpt-n5-reading-tests/ JLPT N5 reading test (Basic)]
**[https://japanesetest4you.com/category/jlpt-n4/jlpt-n4-reading-test/ JLPT N4 reading test (Beginner)]
**[https://japanesetest4you.com/category/jlpt-n3/jlpt-n3-reading-test/ JLPT N3 reading test (Intermediate)]
**[https://japanesetest4you.com/category/jlpt-n2/jlpt-n2-reading-test/ JLPT N2 reading test (Upper-Intermediate)]
**[https://japanesetest4you.com/category/jlpt-n1/jlpt-n1-reading-test/ JLPT N1 reading test (Advanced)]
*Grammar
**[https://japanesetest4you.com/category/jlpt-n5/jlpt-n5-grammar-test/ JLPT N5 grammar test (Basic)]
**[https://japanesetest4you.com/category/jlpt-n4/jlpt-n4-grammar-test/ JLPT N4 grammar test (Beginner)]
**[https://japanesetest4you.com/category/jlpt-n3/jlpt-n3-grammar-test/ JLPT N3 grammar test (Intermediate)]
**[https://japanesetest4you.com/category/jlpt-n2/jlpt-n2-grammar-test/ JLPT N2 grammar test (Upper-Intermediate)]
**[https://japanesetest4you.com/category/jlpt-n1/jlpt-n1-grammar-test/ JLPT N1 grammar test (Advanced)]
*Listening
**[https://japanesetest4you.com/category/jlpt-n5/jlpt-n5-listening-test/ JLPT N5 listening test (Basic)]
**[https://japanesetest4you.com/category/jlpt-n4/jlpt-n4-listening-test/ JLPT N4 listening test (Beginner)]
**[https://japanesetest4you.com/category/jlpt-n3/jlpt-n3-listening-test/ JLPT N3 listening test (Intermediate)]
**[https://japanesetest4you.com/category/jlpt-n2/jlpt-n2-listening-test/ JLPT N2 listening test (Upper-Intermediate)]
**[https://japanesetest4you.com/category/jlpt-n1/jlpt-n1-listening-test/ JLPT N1 listening test (Advanced)]
*Vocabulary
**[https://japanesetest4you.com/category/jlpt-n5/jlpt-n5-vocabulary-test/ JLPT N5 vocabulary test (Basic)]
**[https://japanesetest4you.com/category/jlpt-n4/jlpt-n4-vocabulary-test/ JLPT N4 vocabulary test (Beginner)]
**[https://japanesetest4you.com/category/jlpt-n3/jlpt-n3-vocabulary-test/ JLPT N3 vocabulary test (Intermediate)]
**[https://japanesetest4you.com/category/jlpt-n2/jlpt-n2-vocabulary-test/ JLPT N2 vocabulary test (Upper-Intermediate)]
**[https://japanesetest4you.com/category/jlpt-n1/jlpt-n1-vocabulary-test/ JLPT N1 vocabulary test (Advanced)]
*Kanji
**[https://japanesetest4you.com/category/jlpt-n5/jlpt-n5-kanji-test/ JLPT N5 kanji test (Basic)]
**[https://japanesetest4you.com/category/jlpt-n4/jlpt-n4-kanji-test/ JLPT N4 kanji test (Beginner)]
**[https://japanesetest4you.com/category/jlpt-n3/jlpt-n3-kanji-test/ JLPT N3 kanji test (Intermediate)]
**[https://japanesetest4you.com/category/jlpt-n2/jlpt-n2-kanji-test/ JLPT N2 kanji test (Upper-Intermediate)]
**[https://japanesetest4you.com/category/jlpt-n1/jlpt-n1-kanji-test/ JLPT N1 kanji test (Advanced)]
*Mock Exams
**[https://japanesequizzes.com/portfolio/jlpt-n5-practice-test/ JLPT N5 Practice Test]
**[https://japanesequizzes.com/portfolio/jlpt-n4-practice-test/ JLPT N4 Practice Test]
**[https://japanesequizzes.com/portfolio/jlpt-n3-practice-test/ JLPT N3 Practice Test]
**[https://japanesequizzes.com/portfolio/jlpt-n2-practice-test/ JLPT N2 Practice Test]
**[https://japanesequizzes.com/portfolio/jlpt-n1-practice-test/ JLPT N1 Practice Test]
**[https://japanesequizzes.com/portfolio/mini-test-90mins/ Mini Test in 90mins]
*[https://www.languagetrainers.com/japanese-level-test.php Japanese Language Level Test - Language Trainers]
*[https://www.listenandlearnaustralia.com.au/japanese-level-test Japanese Language Level Test]
*[http://www.languagecoursesuk.co.uk/test/japanese_test.php?domain=cl Cactus Japanese language test]
*[https://www.languagetrainers.com/japanese-level-test.php Japanese Language Level Test - Language Trainers]
*[https://www.languagetrainers.com/listening-tests/japanese/elementary Japanese Listening Test (Elementary) - Language Trainers]
*[https://www.languagetrainers.com/listening-tests/japanese/intermediate Japanese Listening Test (Intermidiate) - Language Trainers]

----

Language Checklist

2026-05-03T14:44:11Z

Panglossa:

What I call [[Language Checklist]] is a series of sentences condensing key sentence structures as well as elementary vocabulary. The current version of the list 60 sentences divided in groups of 3, in the following sequence:

#one question;
#one affirmative answer;
#one negative answer

The concept behind this checklist is that interactions consisting in question and answer are the best way to actively practice a language, either while you are learning the basics or when you already master the language, be it as a warmup or as a list of items to refresh your memory from time to time or when you need to use the language after a while.

I will be posting the lists gradually, for the languages that I am studying.

The original list in English [[Language_Checklist/English|can be found here]].

The checklist is being developed for the following languages
{| width="100%"
|-
|
*[[/𒀝𒅗𒁺𒌑|𒀝𒅗𒁺𒌑 (Akkadian)]]
*[[/Shqip|Shqip (Albanian)]]
*[[/አማርኛ|አማርኛ(Amharic)]]
*[[/العَرَبِية‎|العَرَبِية‎ (Arabic)]]
*[[/Հայերեն|Հայերեն (Armenian)]]
*[[/Euskara|Euskara (Basque)]]
*[[/Català|Català(Catalan)]]
*[[/中文|中文 (Chinese, Mandarin)]]
*[[/ⲧⲙⲛ̄ⲧⲣⲙ̄ⲛ̄ⲕⲏⲙⲉ|ⲧⲙⲛ̄ⲧⲣⲙ̄ⲛ̄ⲕⲏⲙⲉ (Coptic)]]
*[[/Čeština|Čeština (Czech)]]
*[[/Nederlands|Nederlands (Dutch)]]
*[[/𓂋𓏺𓈖𓆎𓅓𓏏𓊖|𓂋𓏺𓈖𓆎𓅓𓏏𓊖 (Egyptian, Ancient)]]
*[[/Ænglisċ|Ænglisċ (English, Old)]]
*[[/English|English]]
*[[/Esperanto|Esperanto]]
*[[/فارسی|فارسی (Farsi, Persian)]]
*[[/Français|Français (French)]]
*[[/ქართული|ქართული (Georgian)]]
*[[/Deutsch|Deutsch (German)]]
*[[/Ἑλληνική|ΕΛΛΗΝΙΚΗ (Greek, Ancient)]]
|
*[[/Ελληνικά|Ελληνικά (Greek, Modern)]]
*[[/Harshen Hausa|Harshen Hausa (Hausa)]]
*[[/ʻŌlelo Hawaiʻi|ʻŌlelo Hawaiʻi (Hawaiian)]]
*[[/हिन्दी / اُردُو‎|हिन्दी / اُردُو‎ (Hindi / Urdu)]]
*[[/Magyar|Magyar (Hungarian)]]
*[[/Íslensk|Íslensk(Icelandic)]]
*[[/Bahasa Indonesia|Bahasa Indonesia (Indonesian)]]
*[[/ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ|ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ (Inuktitut)]]
*[[/Gaeilge|Gaeilge (Irish)]]
*[[/Italiano|Italiano (Italian)]]
*[[/日本語|日本語 (Japanese)]]
*[[/thlIngan Hol|thlIngan Hol (Klingon)]]
*[[/한국어|한국어 (Korean)]]
*[[/Lakȟótiyapi|Lakȟótiyapi (Lakota)]]
*[[/LATINA|LATINA (Latin)]]
*[[/Libras|Libras]]
*[[/Malagasy|Malagasy (Malagasy)]]
*[[/Q’eqchi’|Q’eqchi’ (Maya)]]
*[[/Монгол хэл/ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ ᠬᠡᠯᠡ|Монгол хэл/ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ ᠬᠡᠯᠡ (Mongolian)]]
*[[/Nāhuatlāhtōlli|Nāhuatlāhtōlli (Nahuatl (Classical))]]
|
*[[/Polski|Polski(Polish)]]
*[[/Português|Português (Portuguese)]]
*[[/Runasimi|Runasimi (Quechua)]]
*[[/Română|Română(Romanian)]]
*[[/Русский|Русский (Russian)]]
*[[/संस्कृतम्|संस्कृतम् (Sanskrit)]]
*[[/𐒖𐒍 𐒈𐒝𐒑𐒛𐒐𐒘|𐒖𐒍 𐒈𐒝𐒑𐒛𐒐𐒘 (Somali)]]
*[[/Español|Español (Spanish)]]
*[[/𒅴𒂠|𒅴𒂠 (Sumerian)]]
*[[/Kiswahili|Kiswahili (Swahili)]]
*[[/Svenska|Svenska (Swedish)]]
*[[/తెలుగు|తెలుగు (Telugu)]]
*[[/ภาษาไทย|ภาษาไทย (Thai)]]
*[[/བོད་སྐད་|བོད་སྐད་ (Tibetan)]]
*[[/Abanheenga|Abanheenga (Tupi, Old/Classical)]]
*[[/Türkçe|Türkçe (Turkish)]]
*[[/Tiếng Việt|Tiếng Việt (Vietnamese)]]
*[[/Cymraeg|Cymraeg (Welsh)]]
*[[/IsiXhosa|IsiXhosa (Xhosa)]]
*[[/Èdè Yorùbá|Èdè Yorùbá (Yoruba)]]
|}

[[Category:Checklist]]

PULC

2026-05-03T14:42:42Z

Panglossa:

The '''Panglossa Universal Language Course''' consists in a series of sentences grouped by grammar topic, covering the essential grammatical and lexical aspects of a language, i.e., everything you should know how to say, no matter what language you are learning.

{|
|-
|
* [[/British English/]]
* [[/𒀝𒅗𒁺𒌑/]]
* [[/Català/]]
* [[/Čeština/]]
* [[/Cymraeg/]]
* [[/Deutsch/]]
* [[/ÈdèYorùbá/]]
|
* [[/Español/]]
* [[/Esperanto/]]
* [[/Français/]]
* [[/Gaeilge/]]
* [[/IsiXhosa/]]
* [[/Italiano/]]
* [[/Kiswahili/]]
|
* [[/LATINA/]]
* [[/Magyar/]]
* [[/Nederlands/]]
* [[/Nheengatu/]]
* [[/Português/]]
* [[/𓂋𓏺𓈖𓆎𓅓𓏏𓊖/]]
* [[/Română/]]
|
* [[/Runasimi/]]
* [[/Shqip/]]
* [[/Suomi/]]
* [[/Svenska/]]
* [[/Tiếng Việt/]]
* [[/Türkçe/]]
* [[/Ελληνικά/]]
|
* [[/Ἑλληνική/]]
* [[/Русский/]]
* [[/ქართული/]]
* [[/العَرَبِية‎/]]
* [[/فارسی/]]
* [[/संस्कृतम्/]]
* [[/हिन्दी/اُردُو‎/]]
|
* [[/తెలుగు/]]
* [[/ภาษาไทย/]]
* [[/中文/]]
* [[/日本語/]]
* [[/ⲧⲙⲛ̄ⲧⲣⲙ̄ⲛ̄ⲕⲏⲙⲉ/]]
* [[/한국어/]]
|}

[[Category:PULC]]

PULC

2026-05-03T14:42:08Z

Panglossa:

The '''Panglossa Universal Language Course''' consists in a series of sentences grouped by grammar topic, covering the essential grammatical and lexical aspects of a language, i.e., everything you should know how to say, no matter what language you are learning.

{|
|-
|
* [[/British English/]]
* [[/𒀝𒅗𒁺𒌑/]]
* [[/Català/]]
* [[/Čeština/]]
* [[/Cymraeg/]]
* [[/Deutsch/]]
* [[/ÈdèYorùbá/]]
|
* [[/Español/]]
* [[/Esperanto/]]
* [[/Français/]]
* [[/Gaeilge/]]
* [[/IsiXhosa/]]
* [[/Italiano/]]
* [[/Kiswahili/]]
|
* [[/LATINA/]]
* [[/Magyar/]]
* [[/Nederlands/]]
* [[/Nheengatu/]]
* [[/Português/]]
* [[/𓂋𓏺𓈖𓆎𓅓𓏏𓊖/]]
* [[/Română/]]
|
* [[/Runasimi/]]
* [[/Shqip/]]
* [[/Suomi/]]
* [[/Svenska/]]
* [[/Tiếng Việt/]]
* [[/Türkçe/]]
* [[/Ελληνικά/]]
|
* [[/Ἑλληνική/]]
* [[/Русский/]]
* [[/ქართული/]]
* [[/العَرَبِية‎/]]
* [[/فارسی/]]
|
* [[/संस्कृतम्/]]
* [[/हिन्दी/اُردُو‎/]]
* [[/తెలుగు/]]
* [[/ภาษาไทย/]]
* [[/中文/]]
* [[/日本語/]]
* [[/ⲧⲙⲛ̄ⲧⲣⲙ̄ⲛ̄ⲕⲏⲙⲉ/]]
* [[/한국어/]]
|}

[[Category:PULC]]

Sandbox

2026-04-20T17:10:44Z

Panglossa:

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!English
!Shqip (Albanian)
!Français (French)
|-
|{{:Language Checklist/English/G1}}
|{{:Language Checklist/Shqip/G1}}
|{{:Language Checklist/Français/G1}}
|-
!ქართული (Georgian)
!Deutsch (German)
!LATINA (Latin)
|-
|{{:Language Checklist/ქართული/G1}}
|{{:Language Checklist/Deutsch/G1}}
|{{:Language Checklist/LATINA/G1}}
|-
!中文 (Chinese, Mandarin)
!
!
|-
|{{:Language Checklist/中文/G1}}
[[File:你.gif|32px]]
[[File:是.gif|32px]]
[[File:学.gif|32px]]
[[File:生.gif|32px]]
[[File:吗.gif|32px]]? 
[[File:是.gif|32px]]
[[File:的.gif|32px]],
[[File:我.gif|32px]]
[[File:是.gif|32px]]
[[File:学.gif|32px]]
[[File:生.gif|32px]]
。 
[[File:不.gif|32px]]
[[File:是.gif|32px]],
[[File:我.gif|32px]]
[[File:不.gif|32px]]
[[File:是.gif|32px]]
[[File:学.gif|32px]]
[[File:生.gif|32px]]
。
|
|
|}

Language Checklist/中文/G1

2026-04-20T17:10:31Z

Panglossa:

# '''你是学生吗？'''
## ''是的，我是学生。''
## ''不是，我不是学生。''

File:不.gif

2026-04-20T17:08:58Z

Panglossa:

File:我.gif

2026-04-20T17:08:52Z

Panglossa:

File:的.gif

2026-04-20T17:08:46Z

Panglossa:

File:吗.gif

2026-04-20T17:03:31Z

Panglossa:

File:生.gif

2026-04-20T17:03:25Z

Panglossa:

File:学.gif

2026-04-20T17:03:19Z

Panglossa:

File:是.gif

2026-04-20T17:03:11Z

Panglossa:

File:你.gif

2026-04-20T17:03:02Z

Panglossa:

Language Checklist/中文/G20

2026-04-20T16:57:46Z

Panglossa: Created page with "# '''这辆车要多少钱？''' ## ''它不用花钱。'' ## ''这是公司送的礼物。''"

# '''这辆车要多少钱？'''
## ''它不用花钱。''
## ''这是公司送的礼物。''

Language Checklist/中文/G19

2026-04-20T16:57:34Z

Panglossa: Created page with "# '''你爸爸多大了？''' ## ''我爸爸年纪不大。'' ## ''我爸爸49岁了。''"

# '''你爸爸多大了？'''
## ''我爸爸年纪不大。''
## ''我爸爸49岁了。''

Language Checklist/中文/G18

2026-04-20T16:57:19Z

Panglossa: Created page with "# '''我应该给妈妈买什么礼物？''' ## ''你应该给妈妈买那枚漂亮的戒指。'' ## ''你不应该买那些丑衣服。''"

# '''我应该给妈妈买什么礼物？'''
## ''你应该给妈妈买那枚漂亮的戒指。''
## ''你不应该买那些丑衣服。''

Language Checklist/中文/G17

2026-04-20T16:57:05Z

Panglossa: Created page with "# '''电影几点开始？''' ## ''电影不会提前开始。'' ## ''电影晚上10点开始。''"

# '''电影几点开始？'''
## ''电影不会提前开始。''
## ''电影晚上10点开始。''

Language Checklist/中文/G16

2026-04-20T16:56:54Z

Panglossa: Created page with "# '''派对上的饮料够吗？''' ## ''是的，什么都有。'' ## ''不，得有人去商店买些啤酒。''"

# '''派对上的饮料够吗？'''
## ''是的，什么都有。''
## ''不，得有人去商店买些啤酒。''

Language Checklist/中文/G15

2026-04-20T16:56:41Z

Panglossa: Created page with "# '''我的孩子们为什么躲起来？''' ## ''因为你的孩子们可能有什么秘密。'' ## ''他们可能不想告诉任何人。''"

# '''我的孩子们为什么躲起来？'''
## ''因为你的孩子们可能有什么秘密。''
## ''他们可能不想告诉任何人。''

Language Checklist/中文/G14

2026-04-20T16:56:27Z

Panglossa: Created page with "# '''你觉得这本书需要什么吗？''' ## ''是的，我觉得这本书可能需要一个新的封面。'' ## ''不，我觉得这本书不需要任何东西。''"

# '''你觉得这本书需要什么吗？'''
## ''是的，我觉得这本书可能需要一个新的封面。''
## ''不，我觉得这本书不需要任何东西。''

Language Checklist/中文/G13

2026-04-20T16:56:13Z

Panglossa: Created page with "# '''人们可以做些什么来让世界变得更美好？''' ## ''人们可以总是说真话。'' ## ''人们可以避免总是说谎。''"

# '''人们可以做些什么来让世界变得更美好？'''
## ''人们可以总是说真话。''
## ''人们可以避免总是说谎。''

Language Checklist/中文/G12

2026-04-20T16:56:01Z

Panglossa: Created page with "# '''狗能跑多快？''' ## ''狗跑得很快。'' ## ''但是狗跑不比汽车快。''"

# '''狗能跑多快？'''
## ''狗跑得很快。''
## ''但是狗跑不比汽车快。''

Language Checklist/中文/G11

2026-04-20T16:55:48Z

Panglossa: Created page with "# '''那个人什么时候应该离开房间？''' ## ''那个人应该立刻离开房间。'' ## ''那个人不应该继续偷听我们的谈话。''"

# '''那个人什么时候应该离开房间？'''
## ''那个人应该立刻离开房间。''
## ''那个人不应该继续偷听我们的谈话。''

Language Checklist/中文/G10

2026-04-20T16:55:11Z

Panglossa: Created page with "# '''我明天该做什么？''' ## ''你明天要来我家吃晚饭。'' ## ''你不能熬夜学习。''"

# '''我明天该做什么？'''
## ''你明天要来我家吃晚饭。''
## ''你不能熬夜学习。''

Language Checklist/中文/G9

2026-04-20T16:54:59Z

Panglossa: Created page with "# '''你的朋友想住在哪里？''' ## ''我的朋友肯定想待在家里和家人在一起。'' ## ''我的朋友不想和你出去。''"

# '''你的朋友想住在哪里？'''
## ''我的朋友肯定想待在家里和家人在一起。''
## ''我的朋友不想和你出去。''

Language Checklist/中文/G8

2026-04-20T16:54:46Z

Panglossa: Created page with "# '''他们到了那里会做什么？''' ## ''他们可能会帮我们一个忙。'' ## ''他们永远不会抛弃我们。''"

# '''他们到了那里会做什么？'''
## ''他们可能会帮我们一个忙。''
## ''他们永远不会抛弃我们。''

Language Checklist/中文/G7

2026-04-20T16:54:32Z

Panglossa: Created page with "# '''那个男孩看过那部电影多少遍了？''' ## ''那个男孩已经看过那部电影好几遍了。'' ## ''那个男孩不止看过一遍。''"

# '''那个男孩看过那部电影多少遍了？'''
## ''那个男孩已经看过那部电影好几遍了。''
## ''那个男孩不止看过一遍。''

Language Checklist/中文/G6

2026-04-20T16:54:18Z

Panglossa: Created page with "# '''你们把那些书都怎么处理了？''' ## ''我们没有把书卖给任何人。'' ## ''我们把书送给了孩子们。''"

# '''你们把那些书都怎么处理了？'''
## ''我们没有把书卖给任何人。''
## ''我们把书送给了孩子们。''

Language Checklist/中文/G5

2026-04-20T16:54:02Z

Panglossa: Created page with "# '''它看起来怎么样？''' ## ''看起来不太好。'' ## ''实际上，它看起来糟透了。''"

# '''它看起来怎么样？'''
## ''看起来不太好。''
## ''实际上，它看起来糟透了。''

Language Checklist/中文/G4

2026-04-20T16:53:45Z

Panglossa: Created page with "# '''谁精通科学？''' ## ''她并非精通科学。'' ## ''但她精通历史。''"

# '''谁精通科学？'''
## ''她并非精通科学。''
## ''但她精通历史。''

Language Checklist/中文/G3

2026-04-20T16:53:26Z

Panglossa: Created page with "# '''他跟我们说了什么？''' ## ''他跟我说了些好话。'' ## ''他没跟你说坏话。''"

# '''他跟我们说了什么？'''
## ''他跟我说了些好话。''
## ''他没跟你说坏话。''

Language Checklist/中文/G2

2026-04-20T16:51:37Z

Panglossa: Created page with "# '''我现在要去哪儿？''' ## ''你现在要去上学。'' ## ''你不用去上班。''"

# '''我现在要去哪儿？'''
## ''你现在要去上学。''
## ''你不用去上班。''

Language Checklist/中文/G1

2026-04-20T16:50:43Z

Panglossa: Created page with "# '''你是学生吗？''' ## ''是的，我是学生。'' ## ''不，我不是学生。''"

# '''你是学生吗？'''
## ''是的，我是学生。''
## ''不，我不是学生。''

Language Checklist/中文

2026-04-20T16:49:27Z

Panglossa: Created page with "===Language Checklist v. 0.1 - 中文 (Mandarin Chinese)=== {{/G1}} {{/G2}} {{/G3}} {{/G4}} {{/G5}} {{/G6}} {{/G7}} {{/G8}} {{/G9}} {{/G10}} {{/G11}} {{/G12}} {{/G13}} {{/G14}} {{/G15}} {{/G16}} {{/G17}} {{/G18}} {{/G19}} {{/G20}} Category:中文 Category:Chinese Category:Mandarin Category:Checklist"

===Language Checklist v. 0.1 - 中文 (Mandarin Chinese)===
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[[Category:中文]]
[[Category:Chinese]]
[[Category:Mandarin]]
[[Category:Checklist]]

Sandbox

2026-04-20T14:33:37Z

Panglossa: Replaced content with "{| class="wikitable" |- !English !Shqip (Albanian) !Français (French) |- |{{:Language Checklist/English/G1}} |{{:Language Checklist/Shqip/G1}} |{{:Language Checklist/Français/G1}} |- !ქართული (Georgian) !Deutsch (German) !LATINA (Latin) |- |{{:Language Checklist/ქართული/G1}} |{{:Language Checklist/Deutsch/G1}} |{{:Language Checklist/LATINA/G1}} |}"

Language Checklist/LATINA

2026-04-20T14:30:49Z

Panglossa:

===Language Checklist v. 0.1 - LATINA===
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Language Checklist/LATINA/G4

2026-04-20T14:30:45Z

Panglossa: Created page with "# '''Quis scit omnia de scientia?''' ## ''Illa nescit omnia de scientia.'' ## ''Illa tamen scit omnia de historia. ''"

# '''Quis scit omnia de scientia?'''
## ''Illa nescit omnia de scientia.''
## ''Illa tamen scit omnia de historia. ''

Language Checklist/LATINA/G3

2026-04-20T14:30:43Z

Panglossa: Created page with "# '''Quid nobis dicebat?''' ## ''Bonas res mihi dicebat. '' ## ''Non malas res tibi dicebat.''"

# '''Quid nobis dicebat?'''
## ''Bonas res mihi dicebat. ''
## ''Non malas res tibi dicebat.''