Panglossa: 1 revision imported

2024-01-14T14:42:50Z

1 revision imported

← Older revision	Revision as of 14:42, 14 January 2024
(No difference)

pang>Panglossa: Created page with "''Back to Language Learning''

2019-02-05T17:59:18Z

Created page with "''Back to Language Learning'' <p style="text-align:center;font-size:200%;text-weight:bold;font-variant: small-caps;color:black;text-shadow: 2px 2px 10px grey;text-decorat..."

New page
''Back to [[Language Learning]]''

<p style="text-align:center;font-size:200%;text-weight:bold;font-variant: small-caps;color:black;text-shadow: 2px 2px 10px grey;text-decoration:underline overline">Simplified Albanian Grammar</p>

{{RightTOC}}

==Alphabet & Pronounciation==
Albanian is written with a variant of the Latin alphabet consisting of 36 letters:
{| border="1"
|-
!Upper Case
!Lower Case
!Pronunciation
|-
| A
| a
| [a]
|-
| B
| b
| [b]
|-
| C
| c
| [t͡s]
|-
| Ç
| ç
| [t͡ʃ]
|-
| D
| d
| [d]
|-
| E
| e
| [e], [ɛ]
|-
| Ë
| ë
| [ə], [ʌ], [ɜ]
|-
| F
| f
| [f]
|-
| G
| g
| [g]
|-
| Gj
| gj
| [ɟ]
|-
| H
| h
| [h]
|-
| I
| i
| [i]
|-
| J
| j
| [j]
|-
| K
| k
| [k]
|-
| L
| l
| [l]
|-
| Ll
| ll
| [ɫ]
|-
| M
| m
| [m]
|-
| N
| n
| [n]
|-
| Nj
| nj
| [ɲ]
|-
| O
| o
| [o], [ɔ]
|-
| P
| p
| [p]
|-
| Q
| q
| [c]
|-
| R
| r
| [ɾ], [ɻ]
|-
| Rr
| r
| [r]
|-
| S
| s
| [s]
|-
| Sh
| sh
| [ʃ]
|-
| T
| t
| [t]
|-
| Th
| th
| [θ]
|-
| U
| u
| [u]
|-
| V
| v
| [v]
|-
| X
| x
| [d͡z]
|-
| Xh
| xh
| [d͡ʒ]
|-
| Y
| y
| [y]
|-
| Z
| z
| [z]
|-
| Zh
| zh
| [ʒ]
|}

Spelling is pretty much phonetic, with little variations according to dialect.

Stress is mostly unpredictable and not indicated in spelling. Contrary to most languages, the ''schwa'' ([ə]), indicated by <ë>, can be stressed.

==Nouns==
===Gender===
Albanian nouns are either masculine or feminine. Verbs and adjectives, when substantivized, have a special form usually referred to as neuter, indicated by the particle '''të'''.

===Number===
Albanian nouns have a singular (default) and a plural form. There is no standard plural ending; one must learn the plural form of each noun.

===Case===
Albanian nouns inflect for four cases: nominative, accusative, genitive and dative. Certain nouns also have a special vocative form. The genitive and the dative forms are the same, the only difference being the particle that precedes the noun in the genitive.

===Definiteness===
====Indefinite Article====
The numeral '''një''' "one" can be used as an indefinite article. Ex.:
'''një shtëpi''' "a house"

====Definite Endings====
There are no definite articles in Albanian. Definiteness is indicated by means of endings, which are fused with plural and case marks, and are different for masculine and feminine.
'''shtëpi''' "house", '''shtëpia''' "the house"

===Inflection Models===
====Masculine Noun: mal "mountain"====

{| border="1"
|-
|
! colspan="2" | Indefinite
! colspan="2" | Definite
|-
! !! '''Singular''' !! '''Plural''' !! '''Singular''' !! '''Plural'''
|-
!nominative
| rowspan="2"|një mal
| rowspan="2"| male
| mal'''i'''
| rowspan="2"| male'''t'''
|-
!accusative
|mal'''in'''
|-
!genitive & dative
| rowspan="2"| një mal'''i'''
| male'''ve'''
| rowspan="2"| mal'''it'''
| rowspan="2"| male'''ve'''
|-
!ablative
| male'''sh'''
|}

====Masculine Noun: zog "bird"====

{| border="1"
|-
|
! colspan="2" | Indefinite
! colspan="2" | Definite
|-
! !! '''Singular''' !! '''Plural''' !! '''Singular''' !! '''Plural'''
|-
!nominative
| rowspan="2"|një zog
| rowspan="2"| zogj
| zog'''u'''
| rowspan="2"| zogj'''të'''
|-
!accusative
|zog'''un'''
|-
!genitive & dative
| rowspan="2"| një zog'''u'''
| zogj'''ve'''
| rowspan="2"| zog'''ut'''
| rowspan="2"| zogj'''ve'''
|-
!ablative
| zogj'''sh'''
|}

====Feminine Noun: vajzë "girl"====

{| border="1"
|-
|
! colspan="2" | Indefinite
! colspan="2" | Definite
|-
! !! '''Singular''' !! '''Plural''' !! '''Singular''' !! '''Plural'''
|-
!nominative
| rowspan="2"|një vajz'''ë'''
| rowspan="2"|vajza
| vajza
| rowspan="2"|vajza'''t'''
|-
!accusative
| vajz'''ën'''
|-
!genitive & dative
| rowspan="2"|një vajz'''e'''
|vajza'''ve'''
| rowspan="2"|vajz'''ës'''
| rowspan="2"|vajza'''ve'''
|-
!ablative
|vajza'''sh'''
|}

==Adjectives==
===Gender===

===Number===

===Case===

===Definiteness===

===Inflection Models===

===Degree===
====Comparative====

====Superlative====

==Pronouns==
===Personal===

===Possessive===

===Interrogative===

===Indefinite===

===Relative===

==Numerals==
===Cardinal Numbers===

===Operations===

===Measures===
====Time====

====Age====

====Size, Length &c.====

===Ordinal Numbers===

===Fractions===

==Verbs==
===Person & Number===

===Tense===

===Mood===

===Voice===

===Verb Classes===

===Negative===

===Interrogative===

===Conjugation Models===
====Regular Verbs====

====Irregular Verbs====

==Adverbs==
===Time===
===Place===
===Manner===
===Frequency===
===Negation===
===Others===

==Prepositions==

==Conjunctions==

==Word Order==

==Subordinate Clauses==

[[Category:Grammars]]