Category Archives: Indo-European

संस्कृतम् – 2018-02-28

अपि: a particle with many uses.

  • interrogative
  • (prep.) close by or to, within, before; (adv.) further, also, too; even
  • at least, however, but
  • all (after numerals)
  • with an optative verb, expressing hope, fear, or desire; further, moreover, as well as, rather than (usually accompanied by ​, either अपि च​ or चापि).
  • they too–who (येऽपि, तेऽपि)
  • however, although (यद्यपि)
  • even so, nevertheless (तथपि)
  • also, may convert an interrogative to an indefinite

 

Examples:

  • अप्यवगच्छसि? – Do you understand?
  • अपि सत्यम्?Is it true?
  • अपि कुशलम्? Are you all right?
  • मुहूर्तमपिonly a moment
  • कथमपि नnot at all, by no means
  • न परं … अपिnot only … but also
  • अपीदम् तदीयम्?Is this his?
  • अपीमी अविनीताः? Are they indisciplined?

 

2018-02-14 – Ἑλληνική

From an old, unidentified Greek textbook:

Ex. 1 (part 2)

  • Αἱ πύλαι τῶν οἰκιῶν μεγάλαι εἰσίν. / Αἱ τῶν οἰκιῶν πύλαι μεγάλαι εἰσίν.
  • Ἡ φόβος τοῦ θεοῦ ἀρχὴ τῆς σοφίης ἐστιν.  / Ἡ τοῦ θεοῦ φόβος ἡ τῆς σοφίης ἀρχὴ ἐστιν.
  • Αἱ περιστεραί τῇ Ἀφροδίτῃ ἱεραὶ ἦσαν.
  • Ἡ φιλία ὁ βίος τῆς καρδίης ἐστιν, καὶ ἡ ἀλήθεια ὁ βίος τῆς ψυχῆς ἐστιν.
  • Ἐν ταῖς ἵλαις, ἐν τοῖς αὐλῶσι, αἱ νύμφαι ὑπὸ ταῖς δάφναις καὶ ὑπὸ ταῖς ἐλαίαις χορεύουσιν.
  • Ἡ φιλία καταφυγὴ ἐστιν ἐν ταῖς συμφοραῖς καὶ ἐν τῇ πενίᾳ.
  • Ἡ γῆ σφαῖρά ἐστιν,
  • Ἡ τρυφὴ ἦν τοῖς Ἕλλησι αἰτία τῆς πτώσεως.
  • Ἡ ἀνδρεία ῥίζα τῆς δόξης ἐστιν.
  • Αἱ μοῦσαι θεαὶ τῆς σοφίης εἰσίν.

Vocabulary

  • πύλη – door
  • οἰκία – house
  • φόβος – fear
  • ἀρχῆ – beginning
  • περιστερά – dove
  • ἱερά – sacred, consecreated
  • φιλία – friendship
  • βίος – life
  • καρδία – heart
  • ἀλήθεια – truth
  • ὕλη – woods, forest
  • ἐν τοῖς αὐλῶσι – in the valleys
  • χορεύω – to dance
  • ὑπό (D) – under
  • δάφνη – sweet bay (plant)
  • ἐλαία – olive tree
  • καταφυγή – refuge
  • πενία – poverty
  • γῆ – earth
  • σφαῖρα – sphere
  • τρυφή – luxuriousness, wantonness
  • πτῶσις – alling, a fall
  • θεά – goddess

 

 

 

 

2018-02-13 – Ἑλληνική

From an old, unidentified Greek textbook:

Ex. 1 (part 1)

  • Παιδεία τροφὴ ψυχῆς ἐστιν.
  • Ἡ δίκη ἐστὶ πηγὴ τῆς εἰρήνης.
  • Ἡ ἀνδρεία ἐστὶ ῥίζα τῆς δόξης.
  • Ἡ θέα τῆς θαλάττης καλή ἐστιν.
  • Τῶν ἡδονῶν καὶ τῶν λυπῶν τελευτή ἐστιν.
  • Ἡ τῆς ἀδελφῆς στολὴ καλή ἐστιν.
  • Τῇ ἀχαριστίᾳ ἕπεται ἡ ἀναισχυντία.
  • Αἱ ἐπιθυμίαι εἰσὶ συμφορῶν αἰτίαι.
  • Ἡ εὐσέβειά ἐστι πηγὴ καὶ ῥίζα σοφίας καὶ δόξης.
  • Ἐν τῇ μάχῃ ἡ τόλμα ἄνευ σωφροσύνης πολλάκις οὐ σωτηρίαν καὶ νίκην, ἀλλὰ συμφορὰς καὶ αἰσχύνην φέρει.

Vocabulary

  • παιδεία – education
  • τροφή – food
  • ψυχή – soul
  • δίκη – justice
  • πηγή – source
  • εἰρήνη – peace
  • ἀνδρεία – courage
  • ῥίζα – root
  • δόξα – glory
  • θέα – view, sight
  • θάλαττα – see
  • ἡδονή – pleasure
  • λύπη – pain
  • τελευτή – end
  • ἀδελφή – sister
  • στολή – dress
  • ἀχαριστία – ingratitude
  • ἕπομαι – to follow
  • ἀναισχυντία – impudence, shamelessness, brassiness
  • ἐπιθυμία – passion
  • συμφορά – disgrace
  • αἰτία – cause
  • εὐσέβεια – piety, loyalty
  • σοφία – wisdom
  • μάχη – combat
  • τόλμα – courage
  • ἄνευ (G) – without
  • σωφροσύνη – prudence
  • πολλάκις – often
  • σωτηρία – salvation
  • νίκη – victory
  • ἀλλά – but, however
  • αἰσχύνη – shame, disgrace

 

 

Čeština – 2018-01-17

Od Duolingo:

 

  • Bojí se toho všude. They are afraid of it everywhere.
  • Jsi doma? Are you at home?
  • Je tam František? Is Frantisek there?
  • My teď bydlíme jinde. We live somewhere else now.
  • Prodávají to někde? Do they sell it anywhere?
  • Velký bratr je všude. Big Brother is everywhere.
  • Já ji nikde nevidím. I don’t see her anywhere.

Cymraeg – 2018-01-08

From Duolingo:

  • pum afal five apples
  • chwe orensix oranges
  • can tŷ -a hundred houses
  • y llygoden fawrthe big mouse
  • y ddafad fachthe small sheep
  • yr arth gyflymthe fast bear
  • yr arth fawr gyflymthe big fast bear
  • saith neidrseven snakes
  • pedwar cifour dogs
  • wyth ceffyleight horses
  • tri phandathree pandas
  • chwe theigrsix tigers
  • tri chrancthree crabs
  • saith o nadroeddseven snakes
  • wyth o gŵneight dogs
  • deg o geffylauten horses

हिन्दी / اُردُو‎ – 2018-01-03

सभी मनुष्यों को गौरव और अधिकारों के मामले में जन्मजात स्वतन्त्रता और समानता प्राप्त है।

उन्हें बुद्धि और अन्तरात्मा की देन प्राप्त है और परस्पर उन्हें भाईचारे के भाव से बर्ताव करना चाहिए।

Vocabulary

अधिकारों adhikaarom rights
अन्तरात्मा antraatmaa conscience, inner spirit
उन्हें unhẽ polite dative of वे [वे]
और aur and
करना karnā to do to make, create to cause to become, to render to commit to perform
की kii of belonging to concerning made of, consisting of
के ke [possessive particle] [का]
को ko marks the dative case: to marks the locative case in, at the time of
गौरव gaurav honour, glory
चाहिए cāhie should, ought to [चाहना]
जन्मजात janmajāt innate, from birth
देन den giving gift contribution
परस्पर paraspar with one another mutual
प्राप्त prāpt obtained, found befallen
बर्ताव bartāv behaviour, conduct; treatment
बुद्धि buddhi intelligence
भाईचारे bhaiicaare brotherhood
भाव bhāv existence, being rate, price emotion, feeling disposition, character, nature opinion, sentiment manner, way intent, meaning soul, spirit
मनुष्यों manushyom humans
मामले maamle case
में mẽ in, inside of within into during for the price of between, among
सभी sabhī all
समानता samāntā equality similarity
से se instrumental-case postposition. indicates association or mutual dealing: by; with; to indicates a sense of removal or going: from comparative postposition: than indicates passage of time . indicates means or agency indicates manner of doing; forms adverbs
स्वतन्त्रता svatantrata independence
है hẽ is, are [होना]