Category Archives: Indo-European
संस्कृतम् – 2018-02-28
अपि: a particle with many uses.
- interrogative
- (prep.) close by or to, within, before; (adv.) further, also, too; even
- at least, however, but
- all (after numerals)
- with an optative verb, expressing hope, fear, or desire; further, moreover, as well as, rather than (usually accompanied by च, either अपि च or चापि).
- they too–who (येऽपि, तेऽपि)
- however, although (यद्यपि)
- even so, nevertheless (तथपि)
- also, may convert an interrogative to an indefinite
Examples:
- अप्यवगच्छसि? – Do you understand?
- अपि सत्यम्? – Is it true?
- अपि कुशलम्? – Are you all right?
- मुहूर्तमपि – only a moment
- कथमपि न – not at all, by no means
- न परं … अपि – not only … but also
- अपीदम् तदीयम्? – Is this his?
- अपीमी अविनीताः? – Are they indisciplined?
2018-02-14 – Ἑλληνική
From an old, unidentified Greek textbook:
Ex. 1 (part 2)
- Αἱ πύλαι τῶν οἰκιῶν μεγάλαι εἰσίν. / Αἱ τῶν οἰκιῶν πύλαι μεγάλαι εἰσίν.
- Ἡ φόβος τοῦ θεοῦ ἀρχὴ τῆς σοφίης ἐστιν. / Ἡ τοῦ θεοῦ φόβος ἡ τῆς σοφίης ἀρχὴ ἐστιν.
- Αἱ περιστεραί τῇ Ἀφροδίτῃ ἱεραὶ ἦσαν.
- Ἡ φιλία ὁ βίος τῆς καρδίης ἐστιν, καὶ ἡ ἀλήθεια ὁ βίος τῆς ψυχῆς ἐστιν.
- Ἐν ταῖς ἵλαις, ἐν τοῖς αὐλῶσι, αἱ νύμφαι ὑπὸ ταῖς δάφναις καὶ ὑπὸ ταῖς ἐλαίαις χορεύουσιν.
- Ἡ φιλία καταφυγὴ ἐστιν ἐν ταῖς συμφοραῖς καὶ ἐν τῇ πενίᾳ.
- Ἡ γῆ σφαῖρά ἐστιν,
- Ἡ τρυφὴ ἦν τοῖς Ἕλλησι αἰτία τῆς πτώσεως.
- Ἡ ἀνδρεία ῥίζα τῆς δόξης ἐστιν.
- Αἱ μοῦσαι θεαὶ τῆς σοφίης εἰσίν.
Vocabulary
- πύλη – door
- οἰκία – house
- ἡ φόβος – fear
- ἀρχῆ – beginning
- περιστερά – dove
- ἱερά – sacred, consecreated
- φιλία – friendship
- ὁ βίος – life
- καρδία – heart
- ἀλήθεια – truth
- ὕλη – woods, forest
- ἐν τοῖς αὐλῶσι – in the valleys
- χορεύω – to dance
- ὑπό (D) – under
- δάφνη – sweet bay (plant)
- ἐλαία – olive tree
- καταφυγή – refuge
- πενία – poverty
- γῆ – earth
- σφαῖρα – sphere
- τρυφή – luxuriousness, wantonness
- πτῶσις – alling, a fall
- θεά – goddess
2018-02-13 – Ἑλληνική
From an old, unidentified Greek textbook:
Ex. 1 (part 1)
- Παιδεία τροφὴ ψυχῆς ἐστιν.
- Ἡ δίκη ἐστὶ πηγὴ τῆς εἰρήνης.
- Ἡ ἀνδρεία ἐστὶ ῥίζα τῆς δόξης.
- Ἡ θέα τῆς θαλάττης καλή ἐστιν.
- Τῶν ἡδονῶν καὶ τῶν λυπῶν τελευτή ἐστιν.
- Ἡ τῆς ἀδελφῆς στολὴ καλή ἐστιν.
- Τῇ ἀχαριστίᾳ ἕπεται ἡ ἀναισχυντία.
- Αἱ ἐπιθυμίαι εἰσὶ συμφορῶν αἰτίαι.
- Ἡ εὐσέβειά ἐστι πηγὴ καὶ ῥίζα σοφίας καὶ δόξης.
- Ἐν τῇ μάχῃ ἡ τόλμα ἄνευ σωφροσύνης πολλάκις οὐ σωτηρίαν καὶ νίκην, ἀλλὰ συμφορὰς καὶ αἰσχύνην φέρει.
Vocabulary
- παιδεία – education
- τροφή – food
- ψυχή – soul
- δίκη – justice
- πηγή – source
- εἰρήνη – peace
- ἀνδρεία – courage
- ῥίζα – root
- δόξα – glory
- θέα – view, sight
- θάλαττα – see
- ἡδονή – pleasure
- λύπη – pain
- τελευτή – end
- ἀδελφή – sister
- στολή – dress
- ἀχαριστία – ingratitude
- ἕπομαι – to follow
- ἀναισχυντία – impudence, shamelessness, brassiness
- ἐπιθυμία – passion
- συμφορά – disgrace
- αἰτία – cause
- εὐσέβεια – piety, loyalty
- σοφία – wisdom
- μάχη – combat
- τόλμα – courage
- ἄνευ (G) – without
- σωφροσύνη – prudence
- πολλάκις – often
- σωτηρία – salvation
- νίκη – victory
- ἀλλά – but, however
- αἰσχύνη – shame, disgrace
Čeština – 2018-01-22
Od Duolingo:
- Je pryč. – He is away.
- Jedeme domů? – Are we going home?
- Nejdeme nikam. – We are not going anywhere.
- Kateřina někam jde? – Is Katerina going somewhere?
- Ta nová ulice vede jinam. – The new street leads somewhere else.
- Nikam nejdu. – I am not going anywhere.
- Jde sem Žofie. – Zofie is coming here.
संस्कृतम् – 2018-01-19
Cymraeg – 2018-01-17
O Duolingo:
- Dw i’n mwynhau gwylio ‘r mochyn a’r mwnci. – I enjoy watching the pig and the monkey.
- Dych chi eisiau copyn? Ydw. – Do you want a spider? Yes.
- Dw i’n hoffi’r gŵydd a’r hwyaden. – I like the goose and the duck.
Čeština – 2018-01-17
Od Duolingo:
- Bojí se toho všude. – They are afraid of it everywhere.
- Jsi doma? – Are you at home?
- Je tam František? – Is Frantisek there?
- My teď bydlíme jinde. – We live somewhere else now.
- Prodávají to někde? – Do they sell it anywhere?
- Velký bratr je všude. – Big Brother is everywhere.
- Já ji nikde nevidím. – I don’t see her anywhere.
Cymraeg – 2018-01-11
From Duolingo:
- Dych chi eisiau buwch? – Do you want a cow?
- Un ceffyl ac un eliffant – A horse and an elephant
- Dw i’n bwyta pryfed. – I eat insects.
- Dych chi’n hoffi’r crwban a’r cranc? – Do you like the tortoise and the crab?
- buwch Owen – Owen’s cow
- hwyaden Megan – Megan’s duck
Cymraeg – 2018-01-08
From Duolingo:
- pum afal – five apples
- chwe oren – six oranges
- can tŷ -a hundred houses
- y llygoden fawr – the big mouse
- y ddafad fach – the small sheep
- yr arth gyflym – the fast bear
- yr arth fawr gyflym – the big fast bear
- saith neidr – seven snakes
- pedwar ci – four dogs
- wyth ceffyl – eight horses
- tri phanda – three pandas
- chwe theigr – six tigers
- tri chranc – three crabs
- saith o nadroedd – seven snakes
- wyth o gŵn – eight dogs
- deg o geffylau – ten horses