
Category Archives: English
Verbs in English and Portuguese. Or: Grammar vs. Morphology
You can read this post in either Portuguese or English. Você pode ler este artigo tanto em Português quanto em Inglês. |
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English | Português |
Verbs in English and Portuguese. Or: Grammar vs. Morphology
I have been asked several times in the last weeks about a facebook post showing how much easier English is when compared to Portuguese. More specifically, verbs. The post in question compares the 5 different forms of an English verb, “do”, to 59 different forms assumed by the corresponding verb in Portuguese, “fazer”. The point being that Portuguese is more difficult because you need to learn more verb forms.
Like a great amount of what we see on the internet, this is not entirely correct. Indeed, when learning any given Portuguese verb you need to deal with tens of different individual forms, while, for English, you need to deal only with between 3 and 5 individual forms – “be” is an extreme case with eight forms. But, if you think that is enough to define how easy or difficult a language is, please, think again.
The problem here is that such a comparison is based on a wrong assumption. The same assumption behinds statements such as “Chinese has no grammar” (which was rather common a few years ago). It is the idea that “grammar” means simply “morphology”. Or, in other words, that idea that the grammar of a language consists only in the different inflections that a word may “suffer” to express changes of meaning or relations with other words.
Well, that is simply not true.
Morphology is just one part of grammar. Grammar are the rules that indicate how words can be connected to form sentences. Morphology deals only with the alterations you make to a word for that purpose. But inflection is not the only method used by a language’s grammar.
Take Mandarin, for example. (You can say “Chinese”, but that is not properly the name of the language.) Mandarin has almost no inflection. Which means, words in Mandarin don’t change their form to express different meanings or to connect to other words. For building sentences, Mandarin grammar relies on things like word order, composition, auxiliaries, particles, word choice &c. Just as an example: although Mandarin doesn’t have definite or indefinite articles such as “an” or “the”, and despite the fact that a noun cannot change its form, it is perfectly possible to indicate whether a noun is definite or indefinite in a Mandarin sentence.
- 有學生在學校受傷了。 – There is a student (indef.) hurt at the school.
- 學生來這裡了。 – The student (def.) came here.
(Please note: This is based on information obtained from friends who know Mandarin, as well as from online sources – see below. I’m no more than a noob in Mandarin.)
But let’s get back to the subject of interest here: the question of whether it is meaningful to compare this:
do - does - did - done - doing
to this:
faça - façais - façam - façamos - faças - faço - fará - farão - farás - farei - fareis - faremos - faria - fariam - faríamos - farias - faríeis - faz - faze - fazei - fazeis - fazem - fazemos - fazendo - fazer - fazerdes - fazerem - fazeres - fazermos - fazes - fazia - faziam - fazíamos - fazias - fazíeis - feita - feitas - feito - feitos - fez - fiz - fizemos - fizer - fizera - fizeram - fizéramos - fizeras - fizerdes - fizéreis - fizerem - fizeres - fizermos - fizesse - fizésseis - fizessem - fizéssemos - fizesses - fizeste - fizestes
Don’t you notice anything wrong here?
Yes, that’s what I mean: the 5 English forms simply don’t cover all the same ground as the 59 Portuguese forms. For doing the job of all the Portuguese individual forms, English needs things like modal and auxiliary verbs, personal pronouns – at least.
Even if we don’t take into consideration things such as context, collocations or idioms, i.e., considering only the basic meaning of each verb form, a real correspondence table would look more like this:
Portuguese | English |
---|---|
faça |
|
façais |
|
. . . | . . . |
fazíamos |
|
. . . | . . . |
fizestes |
|
What gives the illusion that English is “easier” than Portuguese is the wrong assumption that morphology is all there is to a language’s grammar. Related to that is the matter of word boundaries. While in a Portuguese verb we condense notions of person, time and mood in one single word, in English you use separate words for each of these traits. So, there is no single word in English that can correspond to a verb form such as “faremos”; you need to put together a series of words, such as “we are going to do”. The difference is merely in the spelling; in speech, the English expression behaves basically as a single word – you need all the parts together, in that specific order, without anything between them, to convey the intended meaning. If you discount writing, you have /wɪəˌɡəʊɪŋtəˈduː/, which could as well be represented in writing as ‘wearegoingtodo’. Remember that spelling is just a convention. The future tense in Portuguese is a good example of such convention, as, in the past, the suffixes ‘-ei’, ‘-ás’ &c. were written as separate words ‘hei’, ‘hás’ &c.
My point is: while in one language you have to learn how to use bits of words (i.e., affixes), in the other language you have to learn how to use auxiliary words – and the rules in one case are as complex as the rules in the other. The workload is pretty much the same.
Reference:
- http://www.grammaticalfeatures.net/features/definiteness.html
- https://www.msu.edu/~changhs9/2004CLS40paper.pdf
- http://people.umass.edu/partee/docs/HornFestPartee.pdf
- http://www.grammaticalfeatures.net/features/definiteness.html
- https://www.academia.edu/16335882/Os_verbos_aver_e_teer_no_portugu%C3%AAs_arcaico_breve_sinopse
- http://www.filologia.org.br/anais/anais%20III%20CNLF%2052.html
Online classes
I had some online classes today with native speakers. That’s the way to go for learning languages. When I’m studying Русский by myself it feels like I’m rocking. Then I have a class with a native speaker and… I find out I just suck at it. Best way to see what, where and when you have to improve.
The classes included 日本語, Русский and తెలుగు, using English, Français & Português as intermediate languages.
moth – English – Word of the Day – 2015-11-04
Moths comprise a group of insects related to butterflies, belonging to the order Lepidoptera. Most lepidopterans are moths and there are thought to be approximately 160,000 species of moth, many of which are yet to be described. Most species of moth are nocturnal, but there are also crepuscular and diurnal species.
dead – English – Word of the Day – 2015-11-02
English recording
Text Reading (American version)
Text Reading (British version)
The longest and most boring day of the year.
English – 2015-01-04
- tryst /trɪst/ – a prearranged meeting or assignation, now especially between lovers to meet at a specific place and time; a mutual agreement, a covenant; to arrange or appoint (a meeting time etc.).