2018-04-02 – Ἑλληνική

From an old, unidentified Greek textbook

Ex. 3 (part 1)

  1. Ὁ χρόνος διδάσκαλός ἐστι τοῖς ἀνθρώποις.
  2. Ἡ παιδεία ἐν μὲν ταῖς εὐτυχίαις κόσμος ἐστι τοῖς ἀνθρώποις, ἐν δὲ ἀτυχίαις καταφυγέ.
  3. Τὰ φύλλα τῶν ῥόδων καλά εἰσιν.
  4. Ὁ βίος δῶρον τοῦ θεοῦ ἐστιν.
  5. Νόμιζε τοὺς ἀδελφοὺς ἀληθινοὺς φίλους εἶναι.
  6. Ἐν τῇ ἐπείρῳ εἰσὶν ὕλαι καὶ ἀγροὶ καὶ πέτραι καὶ ποταμοί.
  7. Ἡ λύπη ἀνθρώποις φέρει νόσους.
  8. Ὁ οἶνος εὐφραίνει τοὺς τῶν ἀνθρώπων θυμούς.
  9. Καλὰ τρόπαια ἐν Ἀθέναις ἦν νίκης σημεῖα.
  10. Οἱ γεωργοὶ τὰ δένδρα θεραπεύουσιν τῶν καρπῶν ἕνεκα.

 

Vocabulary

  • χρόνος – time
  • διδάσκαλος – teacher
  • ἄνθρωπος – man, human being
  • εὐτυχία – happiness
  • κόσμος – ornament
  • ἀτυχίαadversity
  • φύλλον – leaf
  • ῥόδον – rose
  • δῶρον – gift
  • νομίζω – to acknowledge, consider as; use customarily, practise
  • ἀδελφός – brother
  • ἀληθινός – true
  • ἤπειρος – mainland, land
  • ἀγρός – field
  • πέτρα – rock formation; stone
  • ποταμός – rover
  • νόσος – disease
  • οἶνος – wine
  • εὐφραίνω – to make merry, to enjoy oneself
  • θυμός – desire, will, temper, soul
  • τρόπαιον – trophy
  • σημεῖον – sign
  • γεωργός – farmer
  • δένδρον – tree
  • θεραπεύω – to cultivate, to till; to cure, heal, restore
  • καρπός – fruit
  • ἕνεκα (G) – because of

 

2018-03-08 – Ἑλληνική

From an old, unidentified Greek textbook

Ex. 2 (part 2)

  1. Ὦ νεανία, τὴν ἀμαρτίαν ὡς ἔχιδναν φεῦγε.
  2. Αἱ μοῦσαι τὰς τῶν νεανιῶν πάλας φιλοῦσιν, ἀλλὰ τὰς τῶν στρατιωτῶν μάχας φοβοῦνται.
  3. Οἱ ἐργάται τὴν τῶν ἐργατῶν συνουσίαν φιλοῦσιν; οἱ ναῦται τὴν τῶν ναυτῶν; οἱ στρατιῶται τὴν τῶν στρατιωτῶν.
  4. Οἱ λάλοι καὶ οἱ ψεῦσται τὴν τῶν λαλῶν καὶ τῶν ψευστῶν συνουσίαν μισοῦσιν.
  5. Ὦ δικαστά, δικαίως κρίνε!
  6. Ἡ τῶν στρατιωτῶν τοῦ Ξέρξου τόλμα ψαυμαστής ἐστιν.
  7. Τοῦ ἀγαθοῦ στρατιώτης ἑαυτῇ τῇ πατρίδι μάχεσθαι ἐστιν.
  8. Ἡ ἐλαία τῇ Ἀθηνᾷ ἱερά ἑστιν.
  9. Ἡ τέχνη ἡ τῶν τεχνῶν τροφή ἐστιν.
  10. Λέγουσιν ὅτι ἡ μνᾶ ἑκατὸν δραχμὰς ἔχει.

 

Vocabulary

  • ἀμαρτία failure, fault; sin
  • ὡς – like, as
  • ἔχιδνα – poisonous snake, viper
  • φιλῶ – to love
  • πάλη – wrestling, fight
  • ἐργάτης – worker
  • συνουσία – company
  • λάλος – talkative, babbling, loquacious
  • μισῶ – to hate
  • δικαστής – judge
  • κρίνω – to judge
  • δικαίως – with justice, justly
  • θαυμαστής – admirable
  • πατρίς – homeland
  • ὅτι – that (conj.)
  • μνᾶ – a hundred drachmas
  • ἔχω – to have
  • ἑκατόν – a hundred
  • δραχμή – drachm

 

2018-03-05 – Ἑλληνική

From an old, unidentified Greek textbook:

Ex. 2 (part 1)

  1. Ὦ τεχνῖτα, ἡ τέχνη τοὺς τεχνίτας τρέφει.
  2. Οἱ στρατιῶται τῆς νίκης ὀρέγονται.
  3. Φεύγετε, ὦ ναῦται, τὸν Βορρᾶν.
  4. Καλὴ πομπὴ τοὺς θεατὰς τέρπει.
  5. Ὦ δέσποτα, τοὺς κλέπτας, καὶ τοὺς ψεύστας, καὶ τοὺς προδότας φεῦγε.
  6. Λέγουσιν τὸν Ἑρμῆν εὑρετὴν τῆς παλαίστρας εἶναι.
  7. Ὦ Ἀννίβα, εἶ νικητὴς Ῥώμης.
  8. Τοῦ ἀδολέσχου κολακεύειν ἐστιν.
  9. Οἱ μὲν στρατιῶται περὶ της τῶν πολιτῶν σωτηρίας μάχονται, οἱ δ’ἀθληταὶ περὶ τῆς τῶν θεατῶν διατριβῆς.
  10. Ὦ νεανία, τῷ μαθητῇ μάλιστα σπουδὴ πρέπει, τῷ πολίτῃ σωφροσύνη, τοῖς στρατιώταις ἀνδρεία.

 

Vocabulary

  • τεχνίτης – artist
  • τέχνη – art
  • τρέφω – to feed
  • στρατιώτης – soldier
  • ὀρέγω – aspire, reach, stretch, stretch out
  • φεύγω – to flee
  • πομπή – solemnity
  • ναύτης – seaman, sailor
  • θεατής – spectator
  • τέρπω –  to delight
  • δεσπότης – master, lord, ruler
  • κλέπτης – thief
  • ψεύστης – liar
  • προδότης – traitor
  • εὑρετής – inventor
  • παλαίστρα – wrestling-school, palaestra
  • νικητής – winner
  • ἀδολέσχης – idle talker
  • κολακεύω – to be a flatterer
  • περί (G) – about, concerning, because of
  • πολίτης – citizen
  • μάχομαι – to fight, to combat
  • ἀθλητής – athlete
  • διατριβή – pastime, hobby, amusement
  • νεανίας – youth
  • μαθητής – disciple
  • μάλιστα – most, most of all, above all
  • σπουδή – effort
  • πρέπει – it’s convenient

 

संस्कृतम् – 2018-02-28

अपि: a particle with many uses.

  • interrogative
  • (prep.) close by or to, within, before; (adv.) further, also, too; even
  • at least, however, but
  • all (after numerals)
  • with an optative verb, expressing hope, fear, or desire; further, moreover, as well as, rather than (usually accompanied by ​, either अपि च​ or चापि).
  • they too–who (येऽपि, तेऽपि)
  • however, although (यद्यपि)
  • even so, nevertheless (तथपि)
  • also, may convert an interrogative to an indefinite

 

Examples:

  • अप्यवगच्छसि? – Do you understand?
  • अपि सत्यम्?Is it true?
  • अपि कुशलम्? Are you all right?
  • मुहूर्तमपिonly a moment
  • कथमपि नnot at all, by no means
  • न परं … अपिnot only … but also
  • अपीदम् तदीयम्?Is this his?
  • अपीमी अविनीताः? Are they indisciplined?

 

中文 – 2018-02-22

From Duolingo:

  •  電腦桌子上。 / 电脑在桌子上。 The computer is on the table.
  • 我在我的手機。/ 我在找我的手机。 I am looking for my cell phone.
  • 你的孩子在桌子下。Your child is under the table.
  • 貓在椅子上。/ 猫在椅子上。 The cat is on the chair.
  • 我看見了你的孩子。 / 我看见了你的孩子。 – I saw your child.
  • 狗在椅子下。 The dog is under the chair.

 

한국어 – 2018-02-17

From Duolingo:

  • 여자가 날씬합니다.The woman is thin.
  • 여자는 키가 큽니다.The woman is tall.
  • 자동차가 더럽습니다.The car is dirty.
  • 남자의 고양이가 귀엽습니다.The man’s cat is cute.
  • 저는 뚱뚱합니다.I am fat.
  • 아이가 깨끗합니다. The child is clean.
  • 산이 예쁩니다. The mountain is pretty.
  • 한국은 아름답습니다. Korea is beautiful.

తెలుగు – 2018-02-14

The personal pronouns for 1st and 2nd persons in Telugu are:

singular plural
1st
person 
నేను మేము (exclusive)
మనము (inclusive)
2nd
person 
నువ్వు (low formality)
నీవు (mid-level formality)
మీరు (high formality)
మీరు (high formality)
తమరు (highest formality)

The 2nd person pronouns differ in level of formality.

The 1st person plural pronoun మేము, called “exclusive”, means “I and someone else [but not you]”.

The 1st person plural pronoun మనము, “inclusive”, means “I and you [and possibly others]”.


Telugu 3rd person pronouns account for several factors, such as the nature of the referent (human male, human female, non-human), number (singular, plural) and proximity.

distal proximal
 singular   plural   singular   plural 
male వాడు
అతను /అతడు
ఆయన
వారు
వాళ్లు
వారు
వీడు
ఇతను
ఈయన
వీరు
వీళ్లు
వీరు
female అది
ఆమె
ఆవిడ
వారు
వాళ్లు
వారు
ఇది
ఈమె
ఈవిడ
వీరు
వీళ్లు
వీరు
non-human అది అవి ఇది ఇవి
reflexive తాను తాము

 

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